Haisi chakavanzika kuti mvura inofanirwa kugadzira zvidyarwa zvekugadzira. Kunyangwe iyo sosi iri yekumaruwa kana yekanzuru, mvura inofanirwa kusefa uye kuedzwa kuti ive yakachengeteka, nyaya yakawedzera kuoneka nekuda kwedambudziko rekutungamira mumvura yekunwa yeFlint, Michigan.
Nzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekugezesa mvura yekunwa nemvura yetsvina dzakatarisana nematambudziko akawanda mukuyedza kupa mvura yakachena, isina njodzi kunharaunda. Yakaderedzwa mabhajeti ekanzuru, mirau yehurumende uye kudiwa kwezvirongwa zvakaoma zvekutonga njodzi zvinonetsa zvivakwa zuva rega rega.
Robert Gilliam ndiye CEO weOklahoma-based AquaCycle Management, boka rakagadzirwa kuti ripe michina yakagadzirirwa kusefa majekiseni emvura kubva mukupwanya kwemafuta uye gasi rechisikigo uye kuidzosera mukushandiswa kwepamusoro pekurima. Mamwe matanho ekusefa uye kubvumidza anobvumira mvura kupinda muhurongwa hwemvura yeruzhinji nemvumo inobvumidzwa uye nekuyedzwa kunoenderera.
"Yakawanda yekusefa ikozvino muindasitiri yekugadzira mvura sese inoshandisa membrane uye / kana ceramics," akadaro. "Munyaya yedu, isu tinoshandisa musanganiswa wezviviri kuti tiwedzere kunaka kwemvura inodiwa / inodiwa, uye ipapo mushandisi wedu anogona kuwedzera magnesium, selenium kana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuwedzera kugadzira mvura yatinoda kupa kumushandisi wekupedzisira."
Gilliam anosimbisa kuti mvura inofanira kuramba ichiedzwa; kureva kuti, hapana misiyano kubva kumaprotocol ekuedzwa akaiswa pakuyedzwa kwekutanga kwemidziyo.
"Izvi zvinotsigirwa nemirairo kubva kuhurumende nemasangano ehurumende. Chero shanduko inogona kuonekwa nekukasika uye chikonzero chekuchinja chinoonekwa chogadziriswa,” akadaro. "Izvi zvinosanganisira kuyedzwa kwepaneru yakazara yezvakaoma, turbidity, salinity uye kutsvaga zvinhu kubva papombi, kusashanda kwemidziyo yemukati, nezvimwe."
Iyo yakasefa uye yakagadziridzwa mvura pamberi pezvimwe zvinowedzera kana zvigadziriso zvinofanirwa kunge zviri mukati mekushomeka kwekusiyana kwemazinga. "Kutsauka hakugone kubvumidzwa,"
Gilliam akadaro. "Zvinyorwa zvese zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa uye isu tinokurudzira kuti titarise maratidziro ekuchinja nekukurumidza."
May Wu, muongorori mukuru wekuongorora kuchengetedza kwemvura yeArgonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, anoti mvura inofanirwa kuchigadzirwa chekugadzira. Kana tsime racho riri rekumusha kana kuti kanzuru, mvura yacho inofanira kusefa uye kuongororwa kuti ive isina njodzi.
"Maitiro emazuva ano ekusefa mvura anofanira kukwanisa kusefa zvisingadiwe zviri mumvura nemutengo wakaderera zvichienderana nezvaunoda," akadaro Wu. “Munzvimbo dzemakanzuru, mvura inotariswa zuva nezuva. Mvura inobva pamvura inosarudzwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemitemo. Pamwe chete nemaitiro ekuuraya hutachiona, mvura yakasvibira mushure mekurapwa inogona kusangana nemutemo weEPA uye inofanirwa kuve yakachengeteka kunwa uye kushandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa. "
Kana iri yekubuda kwemvura yakaraswa nekanzuru, maitiro akajairwa anoteedzera akati wandei akakosha zvikamu mumvura. Organics - inoratidzwa senge biological oxygen kudiwa (BOD), makemikari okisijeni kudiwa (COD) uye solids - anowanzo kuongororwa asati aburitswa.
"Munzvimbo dzekurapa dzepamusoro, nitrate nephosphorus zvinowedzera kuderedzwa," akadaro Wu. “Kushandisa mvura yetsvina yekanzuru kugadzira kunodzorwa nehurumende yenyika. Kazhinji, mushonga wepamusoro wemvura yetsvina unowedzerwa uye unoiswa disinfected kuti ubudise mvura yakadzoserwa, inogona kushandiswa seimwe imwe mvura. "
Nzira itsva yekusefa ndiyo tekinoroji yekumberi osmosis (FO), iyo yakakurudzirwa nenyanzvi dzemvura yetsvina nguva pfupi yadarika. Iyo FO inogona kusefa iyo yakafanana siyana yezvikamu sezvinoita reverse osmosis (RO), ine yakaderera mutengo wekushandisa.
"Mamwe matekinoroji matsva haashandiswe munzvimbo dzekuwanisa veruzhinji mvura nekuda kwekunge isingadhure mutengo (kureva ceramic membrane, kunyangwe ichipa kuita kwepamusoro uye kusamira zvakanaka) kana kuve mudanho rekutanga (kureva nano material-based membrane)," Wu akadaro.
Accu-Tab/Axiall ndiye mugadziri weAccu-Tab tablet tablet chlorination system, iyo inosanganisa yakanyatsogadzirwa chlorinators ine inodzorwa-kuburitswa 68 muzana 3-inch calcium hypochlorite tabs kuendesa inowirirana uye inodzoreka chorine residuals.
Zvinoenderana newebhusaiti yekambani iyi, iyo Accu-Tab system inoderedza njodzi yekudonha uye haidi anodhura masisitimu ekuchengetedza - anongodiwa magirovhosi erabha uye magirazi ekuchengetedza ekuchengetedza mahwendefa aya.
Iyo Accu-Tab system inoshandiswa mukunwa zvikumbiro zvemvura zvekutanga kurapwa kana kure kure booster zviteshi.
FSMA uye kusefa
Kuyedzwa kwemvura yakasvibirira kunofanirwa kuitwa mvura isati yasarudzwa, seyakajairwa mainjiniya maitiro. Makemikari akaedzwa ikozvino anosanganisira organics, solids, bacteria, heavy metals, carcinogens, nezvimwe.
"Kurapwa chaiko kunosanganisira kusefa, kuuraya utachiona (chlorination, PAA, UV, nezvimwewo)," akadaro Wu. "Kurapwa kwakasarudzika kunogona kudikanwa kubvisa mamwe masimbi anorema, carcinogens nezvimwe. Kazhinji, mvura ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwemakemikari aya haikurudzirwe kushandiswa senzvimbo yemabasa emvura. Izvi zvinoshandawo kufekitari inogadzira zvigadzirwa. "
The Food Safety Modernization Act inoita basa rekusimbisa iyo yepamusoro engineering standard. Ichawedzera kumanikidza kune masangano ekutonga.
Zvaunoda kuziva
Paunenge uchiyedza mvura, izvo zvinoda kuitwa zvakasiyana kune imwe neimwe mhando yemvura. Kana kunetseka kuri mvura yekunwa, bvunzo dzinosanganisira mvura pH, turbidity, nitrate, heavy metals, organics uye mamwe inorganics. Hurumende yenzvimbo inofanirwa kunge ichikwanisa kupa ruzivo rwakadai rwekuyedza nguva nenguva (kota nemwedzi).
"Semuyenzaniso, DuPage County inoburitsa mvura yemupombi bvunzo nguva nenguva, uye yakazara," Wu akadaro. "Chirevo chemhando yemvura chinosanganisira kukosha kwebvunzo, chiyero chinotenderwa chepamusoro, uye kana ichipfuura kana pasi pemuganho wepamusoro."
Private ezvemamiriro ekunze marabhu ane kugona kuyedza mhando yemvura nemutengo unonzwisisika. Muedzo unogona kudzoka mukati mevhiki.
Masangano ekanzuru
Mazhinji masangano emanisipala anotarisa mvura yavo kuburikidza nesampling pakati pekamwe kana katatu pazuva kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosvibisa, uye nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzinokurudzira vese kushandisa mapuroteni akafanana aripo nemapoka ekutonga mvura emuno.
"Mamwe masangano emanisipala anoedza mvura nguva dzose, uye kana iri iyo yakajairwa protocol, ndiyo nzira imwechete yatinotevedzera," Gilliam akadaro. “Nguva zhinji mvura inogadzirwa kuburikidza nemidziyo yedu inodarika mwero wakatarwa nemabhodhi emvura emuno kana nematunhu. Kana zvakadaro, kunowanzova kuchenjera kuonana neaya masangano ndokusarudza kana achikwanisa kusvitsa mipimo, uye kana zvikasadaro, betsera zviremera zvomunzvimbomo kuwana nzira dzokuwana nadzo mipimo miduku.”
- Keith Loria, VGN munyori