Zvigadzirwa zvishoma zvakagadziriswa zvakaunzwa muItari muma1980s mushure mekunakidzwa nekubudirira kukuru kwekutengesa mumisika yeFrance. Pavakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma, ma processors ave kupupurira misika inonakidza maererano nekukura. Kutengeswa kwezvigadzirwa zvitsva zveItaly zvakapupurira kuwedzera kwe38 muzana mumutengo muna 2003 zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura. Munguva imwe chete iyoyo, kutengesa kwakakwira 123 muzana kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, zvichipa mikana yakakura yekukura kumakambani aya anopa michero nemiriwo isati yachekwa iri imomo.
Muna 1999, kwaive nemakambani makumi mashanu aigadzira michero nemiriwo zvishoma muItaly. Pakati pavo, makumi matatu nenhatu vaigadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva-zvakachekwa, zvakanzi "quarta gamma," vamwe gumi nevanomwe vaishambadzira izvo zvinonzi nemaItaly "Quinta gamma" zvigadzirwa, kana zvakagadzirira-kushandisa, zvakagadziridzwa zvishoma, zvigadzirwa zvinoparara zvinoda firiji. storage.
Muzvinafundo Giancarlo Colelli weUniversita' degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, Italy, vanopa chokwadi chishoma pane zviri kuitika muItaly mukufambiswa kwemusangano, “Improving Quality Management in the Minimally Processed Fruit and Vegetables Industry of the Euro-Med Area. ,” yakaitwa musi waDec. 13-14, 2003 muMesagne, Italy. Dzimwe nhamba dzataurwa dzakagadziridzwa.
Makumi matatu nematatu Kuita Fresh-cut
Mazhinji emakambani anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva-zvakachekwa ari kuchamhembe kweItari, Colelli anonongedza. Muna 2001, huwandu hwevashandi veavo vakabatanidzwa mukugadzira michero nemiriwo mishoma vangangoita mazana matanhatu, neavhareji yevashandi pakambani gumi nembiri, kunyangwe makambani mazhinji angashandisa vamwe vashandi vemwaka.
Kukosha kwese kweindasitiri kwaive 206.5 miriyoni maEuro, neavhareji yekukura kwepagore inosvika 19.6 muzana kubvira 1997, purofesa anoti. Makambani mana anodzora zvingangoita makumi matanhatu neshanu muzana zvebhizimusi rezvigadzirwa zvitsva uye zvinopfuura makumi manomwe neshanu muzana ezvigadzirwa zve "quinta gamma", kana zvakagadzirira-kushandisa, zvakagadziridzwa zvishoma, zvinoparara zvinoda kuchengetwa mufiriji. Trend yakatarisana nemakambani makuru ari kupinda mubhizinesi: French Bonduelle (inotora Ortobell yekuItaly naCielo e Campo, iwo makambani makuru emuItaly anogadzira zvigadzirwa zve "quarta gamma"), uye Cirio Del Monte Italia, kuburikidza neCompagnia Agroalimentare del Fresco.
Ichitaura nezve data ichangoburwa, chirevo chaColelli chinoisa indasitiri nyowani pa257 uye 355 miriyoni maEuro kwemakore 2002 na2003, zvichiteerana. Mwero wepagore wekukura kwekutengesa kweindasitiri yezvigadzirwa zvitsva mukati memakore iwayo yaive 38 muzana, yakapetwa kaviri mwero wemakore mashanu apfuura. Munguva iyoyo yenguva, kugadzirwa chaiko kwaive 30.5 uye 40.7 zviuru zvematani matani nekuwedzera kwepagore kwe33 muzana.
Zvakangodaro, muna 2003, miriwo mitsva yaimiririra 11 muzana chete yemusika wemiriwo, mushumo waColelli unoratidza. "Quinta gamma" zvigadzirwa zvaimiririra 1.1 muzana chete. Panyaya yekukosha, zvigadzirwa zvitsva-zvakachekwa zvaimiririra zvinopfuura 46 muzana yemusika wemiriwo wefiriji, nepo zvigadzirwa zve "quinta gamma" zvaimiririra 1.5 muzana.
Salads - 60 Percent yeMusika
Salads inomiririra anopfuura makumi matanhatu muzana ezvitsva-akachekwa zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa, anozivisa. Izvi zvinogadzirwa mumisanganiswa akasiyana siyana uye zvinoiswa mumabhegi ese nematireyi. Makumi matatu neina kubva muzana ari mumabhegi; 60 muzana iri mumatireyi. Pakati pemiriwo inonyanya kufarirwa inoshandiswa mumasalad pane lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), radicchio (Cichorium intybus L. yemhando dzakasiyana) uye arugula (Diplotaxis muralis L.), dzimwe nguva inonzi "rocket saladhi." Anoshandiswawo mashizha emucheche sipinachi (anenge 27 muzana), makarotsi (15 muzana) uye “Minestrone,” musanganiswa wemuriwo unoumbwa nezvinhu zvakadai sespinachi, karoti, zucchini, hanyanisi, squash, celery neparsley. Izvi, hongu, zvinoshandiswa sechinhu chakakosha che "minestrone" soup (9 muzana). Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvidiki zvinosanganisira 9 muzana yemusika.
Michero yakachekwa-kunyanya mavise, michero yekiwi nemaapuro - yanga ichinonoka kuuya uye kutengeserana inoramba iri chikamu chidiki chepai, Colelli anotsanangura.
SekuUnited States, zvinodiwa zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinowanzoitwa chibvumirano pakati pevagadziri nevagadziri, zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvinoraira marudzi kuti akumwe, maitiro ekurima uye matanho ekukura. Zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvinoita kuti nzira dzekutsvaga dzisanyanya kunetsa. Kashoma, zvigadzirwa zvakasvibirira zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva kumisika yemisika, paine mamwe matambudziko mukuenderana kwehunhu uye traceability.
Retail Market - Kupfuura 90 Percent yeKutengesa
Muna 2001, zvinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana zvemichero yeItaly mitsva-yakachekwa nemichero yemiriwo yakaenda kumisika yekutengesa - 90-13 muzana kuburikidza nevatengesi, 14 kusvika 3 muzana kuzvitoro zvechinyakare, 4 kusvika 1 muzana kuzvitoro zvinodhura uye 2 kusvika 76 muzana. kune inozivikanwa se "hombe yekugovera". Vangangoita 77 kusvika 3 muzana chete yezvigadzirwa zvakaenda kumakambani ezvekudya senge maresitorendi, masevhisi ekubika uye otomatiki
vaparadzi.
Yakawedzerwa kukosha kweiyo indasitiri yakagadziridzwa zvishoma muna 2001 yaive ingangoita 34.7 miriyoni maEuro, inomiririra gumi nenomwe muzana yezvakabuda muindasitiri, Colelli anodaro.
Paavhareji, vagadziri uye vatengesi veketani vanowana zvinopfuura 85 muzana yemari kubva mukutengeswa kwechigadzirwa, nepo vagadziri vemiriwo mbishi vanongogamuchira gumi kusvika gumi neshanu muzana.
Kavha Mhinduro
Mazhinji emapakeji ekugadzirisa anoshandiswa muItari anongoshanda mukudzivirira kubva mukusvibiswa uye kupera simba zvakanyanya, Colelli anonongedza. Vashoma vanovimbisa yakakwana gasi kuumbwa mukati memusoro. Kunyangwe, mune dzimwe nguva, yakagadziridzwa zvakanatswa mamiriro ekunze mukati mepakeji inoshanda zvakanyanya mukurebesa hupenyu hwemhando yezvigadzirwa, yakagadziridzwa-yemuchadenga packaging haiwanzo shandiswa kutengeserana pakugona kwayo kukuru.
Nhasi, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kurongedza zvinhu zvemichero nemiriwo mishoma ndeye propylene firimu yemabhegi (kana mapiro), polyolefin zvinhu zvemasaga mahombe uye firimu rinowedzera muPVC yePVC yekuputira tireyi. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa packaging system ibhegi (250 uye 500 gram packs), iyo inoverengera 60 muzana yemusika mutsva-wakatemwa maererano nehuwandu. Iyo pillow system haina kudhura kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe masisitimu ekurongedza sezvo mutengo wevashandi wakaderedzwa neakanyanya otomatiki kuzadza uye kuyera maitiro. Nekune rumwe rutivi, chitarisiko hachinakidze kana chichienzaniswa nematireyi epurasitiki anodhura uye ane maonero ari nani kune vatengi.
Vazhinji vanogadzira zvinhu zvekurongedza makambani ekunze ane mapazi ekutengesa muItari, kunyangwe madiki, makambani emukati ave kupa yakaderera tekinoroji zvinhu.
Technical Gasi
Nitrogen ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa gasi rekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvishoma, maererano naColelli. Carbon dioxide inoshandiswawo pamwe chete nenitrogen (yequinta gamma products) uye nenitrogen nemhepo yemiriwo nemichero yakachekwa. Mamwe makambani anopa musanganiswa wegasi wakafanogadzirirwa (kazhinji wakasiyana-siyana musanganiswa wenitrogen, okisijeni uye kabhoni dhiokisaidhi) kuti upinde mumapaketi pachitsiva mweya. Mimwe misanganiswa yegasi, ine argon kana super-atmospheric oxygen, haishandiswe kutengeswa kune zvigadzirwa zvishoma. Makambani ese epamba neekunze ari kushanda mumusika achipa tekinoroji gasi kuItari inogadzirwa zvishoma.
midziyo
Zvizhinji zvemidziyo inoshandiswa muindasitiri inopihwa nevanogadzira vekuItaly, Colelli anodaro. Mamwe makambani ari midziyo yekushambadzira yeindasitiri yechikafu kazhinji iyo inogona kuchinjirwa kutsva-yakachekwa kugadzirisa, nepo mamwe achinyanya hunyanzvi mumidziyo yemitsara yekugadzira mitsva-yakachekwa.
"Indasitiri yemichero nemichero yemiriwo yakagadziridzwa zvishoma muItari iri kuwedzera kuita basa rakakosha muhupfumi hwechikamu chezvirimwa zveItari," akadaro muongorori. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinokurudzira kukura kweiyi indasitiri, kusanganisira maonero ari nani emhando yezvigadzirwa izvi nevatengi.
"Kune rimwe divi, kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kunogoneka, mune tekinoroji uye muhurongwa hwekugadzira," Colelli anoratidza. "Kushandiswa kwechizvino-zvino hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa uye kuwedzera kwemusika wezvekudya zvinomiririra zvinhu zvishoma zvinoda kumwe kuvandudzwa nekuvandudzwa."