Kudiridza zvirimwa zvemuriwo kune nhoroondo yakarebesa, zvichisundwa nechokwadi chokuti mvura inzvimbo ine magumo. Kusimbiswa kwekuve nehuwandu hwemvura yekubudirira kwechirimwa kukura kunoramba kuchiwedzera.
Maererano neFairfax, Virginia-yakavakirwa Irigation Association, kudiridza kwakatanga muna 6000 BC. Yakatanga panenge panguva imwe chete muEgypt neMesopotamia (yanhasi Iraq neIran), ichishandisa mvura yemurwizi rwaNire kana kuti Tigris/Euphrates. Mvura yemafashamo, yakaitika muna July kusvika December, yakatsaurirwa kuminda kwemazuva 40 kusvika ku60. Mvura yakazodirwazve murwizi panguva chaiyo mukukura.
Muna 1800 AD, ivhu raidiridzwa pasi rose rakasvika maeka anoda kusvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri. Izvi zvinofananidzwa neanofungidzirwa mamiriyoni 20 maeka nhasi.
Kugona kwekudiridza kunotakurika mukurima zvirimwa kwakazivikanwa mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Chaikonzera kwaive kuwedzera kuwanikwa kwealuminium. Simbi yakareruka yakatanga kutsiva tubing esimbi inorema uye mafittings akaitwa nesimbi kana simbi.
Kukosha kwealuminium kunoonekwa muhuwandu hwenguva. Nhamba dzehurumende yeUnited States dzinoratidza kuti mamiriyoni 1.25 emapaunzi echubhu akaiswa muUnited States muna 1946. Pakazosvika 1955, nhamba yacho yakanga yakwira kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi mashanu epaunzi.
Kune marudzi mana makuru ekudiridza: pamusoro (mafashamo nemiforo); sprinkler; drip; uye pasi pevhu. Nzira dzepamusoro dzinowanzorasikirwa nemvura yakawanda kuti ibude, uye dzave dzichidzikira mukuzivikanwa kwemakumi emakore akati wandei sezvo madhip system anoshanda achitora nzvimbo yawo.
Nyika yemuriwo yaona shanduko yekudiridzira yedrip mumakumi emakore apfuura.
Drip irrigation (inozivikanwawo sekuti trickle, kana micro- irrigation) inobvumira kuiswa kwemvura nefetereza zvakanyatsodzorwa nekubvumira mvura kuti idonhe zvishoma nezvishoma pedyo nemidzi yechirimwa kuburikidza nemumbure wemavharuvhu, pombi, tubing uye emitters. Plasticculture ndiko kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwekudiridza kwekudonha, polyethylene mulch uye mibhedha yakasimudzwa. Kubudirira kukuru uye kukurumidza kunogona kuwanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemiriwo nekubatanidza plasticulture nekushandiswa kwekusimukira, sekureva kwenyanzvi dzeindasitiri.
“Varimi vemiriwo vazhinji vandinoshanda navo vane imwe nzira yekudiridzira,” vakadaro Ron Goldy, mudzidzisi mukuru weExtension kuMichigan State University.
Goldy akatanga uye anoshanda iyo Southwest Michigan Irrigation Network, chirongwa chekubhadhara-ku-sevhisi chekuongorora hunyoro hwevhu chinopa varimi kuverenga kwevhiki nevhiki uye mazano pamusoro pekudiridza.
"Zvichienderana nechirimwa, vazhinji vaenda kunodonha," akadaro Goldy. “Zvimwe zvirimwa hazvikweretesi kudonhedza pasi zvakaita sechibage, makarotsi, celery, hanyanisi, bhinzi, mbatatisi, magaka, pizi nezvimwe zvinorimwa zvakati wandei.”
Mamwe mabhenefiti anopihwa nedrip masisitimu, maererano naGoldy, anosanganisira:
- Madrip irrigators anoshandisawo madrip lines kuisa fetereza
- Kumanikidza-kutsiva tepi yakabvumira kushandiswa kwekudonha panzvimbo dzine makomo
- Kudonha kuri nani kana zvasvika pakuchengetedza chikafu
- Kudonhedza kunopa kuti mvura ishandiswe zvakanaka uye zvinovaka muviri
- Drip inogona kushanda kudzikisa kudzvinyirira uye vhoriyamu, uye saka iri nani kune avo vane yakaderera tsime kubuda
- Drip inoderedza dzvinyiriro yechirwere nekusanyorovesa mashizha nemichero
- Varimi vanokwanisa kudiridza nedrip voenderera mberi nekuita mamwe mabasa emumunda
- Drip iri nyore kuita otomatiki
"Kudiridza ndeimwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekudzikisa njodzi muzvirimwa zvakakosha, kunyange munzvimbo yakakwirira yemvura seMichigan," akadaro Goldy. “Ndinokurudzira murimi wese wemuriwo wemhando yepamusoro kuti adiridze neimwe nzira, zviri nani nedrip.”
Ongororo yenzira dzekudiridza muCalifornia ne American Society of Civil Injiniya yakaunganidza ruzivo pamusoro penzira dzinoshandiswa nevarimi pakudiridza mbesa dzavo muna 2010. Zvakabuda zvakaenzaniswa neongororo dzakamboitwa kuti vaone mafambiro.
Maererano nezvakawanikwa, kubva muna 1972 kusvika muna 2010 nzvimbo yakasimwa yakawedzera kubva pa15 kusvika ku30 muzana yeminda yemichero uye kubva pa6 kusvika ku15 muzana yeminda yemizambiringa. Nzvimbo yakarimwa nemuriwo yaramba yakangoti nyangarara, asi iyo yakadyarwa muminda yakadzikira kubva pachikamu che67 kusvika pa41 percent chenzvimbo yekudiridzira. Ivhu rinodiridzwa nemadiridziro emvura yakaderera (drip and micro-sprinkler) rawedzera nechikamu chinosvika makumi matatu nemasere kubva muzana, nepo huwandu hwevhu hwakadiridzwa nemitoo yepasi hwakaderera nechikamu chinosvika makumi matatu nemanomwe kubva muzana.
Maererano ne USDA, pasinei netariro yekunaya kubva kuEl Niño, California varimi vakatarisana nerimwe gore rekusanaya kwemvura muna 2016. Kunyange mushure memakore mana ekusanaya kwemvura kwakaipisisa, California purazi yakabuda yaiva rekodhi $ 54 bhiriyoni muna 2015, inodarika hafu yenyika. zvibereko zvitsva. Mvura yepasi pevhu yakabatsira kubhadhara kushayikwa kwemvura yeCalifornia, asi mvura yepasi pevhu haigone kuenderera mberi nekusingaperi.
Varimi veCalifornia vakapindura kusanaya kwemvura nokudonha kwevhu; kuchinja kune zvirimwa zvinopa huwandu hwepamusoro pachikamu chemvura; uye kushandura matekinoroji ekudiridza. Zvinenge zvese zvirimwa zvemuCalifornia zvinodiridzwa, saka kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza mukudiridzira ndiko kwakakosha mukusanaya kwemvura.
Kugadzirwa, kushanda zvakanaka
David Zoldoske, mutungamiriri we Center for Irrigation Technology (CIT) paCalifornia State University, Fresno, vave nemakore makumi matatu nemashanu vachishanda nevarimi panyaya dzekudiridza.
CIT yakavambwa muna 1980, zvichitevera imwe yekusanaya kwemvura yakaipisisa munhoroondo yeCalifornia (yazvino isati yasvika) muna 1976-77.
Zoldoske akati paramende yenyika yakatsunga kuita zvakawanda kunatsa nzira dzekudiridza muCalifornia, sekunge kushandiswa kwekudiridza kuri kuuya kune kwayo. Nzvimbo iyi yakashandura basa rayo rekuyedza lab pamwe nekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudiridza.
"Isu takatungamira mukuyedzwa kwemichina yekudiridza kwemakore 35 apfuura," akadaro.
“Tinoshanda nemadrip emitters, madrip tape mukurima muriwo, uyewo tinoita tsvakiridzo yakawanda pamwe nekudzidzisa kuti titore zvatinodzidza togovana nevarimi,” vakadaro. "Takura zvekuti tave kusimudzira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira nemakambani nemadiridziro."
Zoldoske anoyeuka mazuva asati aitwa tekinoroji yedrip apo “zvinhu zvese zvaidiridzwa nemasprinkler. Miriwo yakarimwa kwenguva yakareba ine masprinkler. Precision Agriculture yakachinja zvese izvi. "
Vati zvimhingamipinyi zvekutanga kushandisa drip zvinosanganisira kuziva hudzamu hwekushanda kwayo uye kuti inosiya nguva yakareba sei ichishanda. Kushanda nehukuru hwemaburi mune emitter uye kuchengetedza zvipembenene kubva mukukuvadza tepi yekudonha zvakasangana zvakare.
"Tekinoroji yakatibvumira kuvandudza zvakanyanya kugadzirwa kwedu uye kugona nekushandisa drip tepi mukugadzira muriwo," akadaro Zoldoske.
Akaona kusada kwevarimi vaive vakasununguka nekudiridza, vasati vanzwisisa mashandisirwo epurasitiki pakudyara nekukohwa zvinodiwa.
“Nedrip, tinokwanisa kunyatso gadzirisa mvura yakaiswa nefetereza zvakazara,” vakadaro. "Kune kunzwisiswa kwakanaka kwekutonga kudzika, kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki ari nani uye emitters kuti uwane kuyerera kwakaringana uye nzvimbo kuitira kuti uwane filtration yakagadziridzwa."
Akataura kuti kushandiswa kwemadrone ekunzwa kure kunopa maonero ari nani ekubudirira kwekudiridza mumunda.
“Tinokwanisa kuona nzvimbo dzinobuda mvura, zvirimwa zviri pasi pekunetsekana toona pachine nguva patingave nedambudziko rekudiridzira, mbereko, ivhu netsikidzi. Inogona kubatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko mumwaka wekukura uye kukupa ruzivo irworwo nekukurumidza. ”
Kare makore akati wandei apfuura, Zoldoske aibata basa iro raishandisa ma sensors kutarisa vegetative index yeminda mikuru yemavise.
“Vhiki kana mazuva gumi ekubuda, unogona kutarisa nzvimbo dzakasiyana mumunda uine chokwadi chepasi wobuda wonofungidzira goho nekukura kwechigadzirwa. Izvi zvakabatsira vanhu vanoshambadza kuti vatange vatengesa munda usati wakohwewa. Mamwe emashoko aya anogona kupihwa isu takaziva makore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri apfuura. "
Kushandisa tekinoroji nyowani "yave iri nzira yekushanduka-shanduka," akadaro. “Nekuti munhu mumwe chete ari kuzviita hazvireve kuti yakajairwa zvakanyanya. Tave kutanga kuona varimi vachipinza mweya mumitsetse yekudonha, uye zvinobatsira nekufefetedza kwemvura munzvimbo yemidzi zvichiita kuti goho riwedzere. Takaona kuwedzera kwe15 muzana mumavise anotengeswa mumakore mashanu apfuura.”
Zoldoske akati varimi vari kushandisa nzira dzekusarima kana kuti minimal-till, “saka ivhu haririmwe zvakanyanya. Izvozvo zvichava nezvikomborero mune zvose zvinodhura uye kusimbisa hutano hwevhu. Vanhu vari kutarisisa zvakanyanya kuvimbisa ivhu rine hutano sezvinobvira. Vamwe vari kurima miriwo ine munyu wakawanda mazviri, zvichiita kuti imwe yevhu ibve pazvirimwa zvinonetsa ivhu.”
Vati kushomeka kwevashandi kuri kuramba kuri dambudziko, kunyanya nevashandi vane hunyanzvi vanodiwa kuti vanzwisise nekushandisa zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvetekinoroji.
“Munoda mabasa mashoma asi ane hunyanzvi pakudiridza nemadiridziro pane anomwaya mvura,” akadaro. “Waipota uchifambisa nemaoko masprinkers. Ikozvino kune rumwe ruzivo. Kutaurirana kwese kusina waya kwave kuri kuwedzera kukuru. Inokupa ruzivo pamusoro pekudzvinyirirwa nekuyerera kwemadiridziro, hunyoro hwevhu, pamwe nekuverengwa kwemhepo nemvura.
“Varimi nhasi vane data rakawanda paruoko rwavo rwekuita sarudzo. Kuenderera mberi, tichaona data rakawanda richiunganidzwa kubva kumunda nguva nenguva, richifambiswa ne iPhone kana chimwe chinhu. "
Drip maitiro anoshanda
John Nye, mutungamiri uye co-muvambi weSt Joseph, Michigan-based Trickl-eez, yave ichiita basa rekudiridza kwemakore anopfuura makumi mana. Akashanda nemurimi Jim Demski, mumwe wevarimi vekutanga kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweMichigan kushandisa drip.
"Vanga vachirima matomatisi nguva refu nesprinkler irrigation pamusoro pavo," akadaro Nye. “Zvaizoitika ndezvekuti vanenge vaine mavanga akati wandei. Akanga arima matomatisi kwenguva yakareba – makore gumi nemashanu kana kudarika. Aingochinja madhora, asingaite mari. Akanga achifara pamusoro petarisiro yemibhedha yakasimudzwa, firimu, mapurasitiki ekudonha, kudyisa mvura uye zvinovaka muviri mugadziriro iyoyo. Rakanga riri danho guru kuita izvozvo zvose panguva imwe chete. Iyoyo yaive nzira yakanakisa yekuzviita.
“Ndakashanda mundima dzakawanda. Kugadzira kwake kuri panzvimbo yakati sandara, aiwana mabhokisi anosvika mazana manomwe ematomatisi eNo. Paakashandura kuva mibhedha yakasimudzwa, achishandisa firimu, zvibereko zvakaenda kune 700 bushels kune acre. Akawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri goho uye kunaka kwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Haana kukwanisa kufambirana nemirairo. Vamwe varimi munzvimbo iyi vakazviona uye vakada kuishandisa.
“(Drip) inoshanda kune mhiripiri, eggplant nezvimwe zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvakasiyana,” vakadaro. “Iye zvino munhu wese ari muindasitiri yemiriwo kunze kwemuvhu ari kushandisa tekinoroji. Negoho pamadomasi anopfuura 2,000 XNUMX mabhokisi paeka, inyaya inonakidza kwazvo.”
Kushandiswa kwekudonha kwave kuchibatsirwa nemhando yepamusoro yehubhu uye kuziva zvakawanda nezvekudya kunovaka muviri, Nye akadaro.
“Yanga iri shanduko - inonakidza. Wese munhu muindasitiri akaenda kwairi uye haana kuzombodzokera, kana vangoona kunaka kwazvinoita. "
Nye vakati pane vamwe varidzi vanoramba kuisa madrip kutanga.
“Zvaiita senge mari yakawanda – yakawanda kuchinja. Kune avo vakazviedza, mibairo yaivepo uye indasitiri yese yawira mumutsara. Iko mari yakawanda yekubhadhara mukuita izvi. Kugadzirwa uye mhando yakakwira zvakanyanya, ine mutengo wakaderera pa-uniti mukupedzisira. "
Akataura kuti kuvandudzwa kwetubing kwaita kuti "zvivimbike zvekuti hazvigone kubatanidza. Zvinoshanda nenzira yatinoda kuti vaite. Icho chinhu chakanaka chechokwadi kana varimi vakaisa iyo yekusefa mukati uye nekutevera zvatinoziva kuita. Yakagadziridzwa uye yakagadziridzwa. Ikozvino sisitimu yakavimbika uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya murimi mutsva anogona kutanga mukati uye anogona kunzwisisa zviri nyore nekuvandudza (hurongwa) uye kuzvishandisa ivo pachavo. Kwave kushanduka chaiko.”
Nemasystem matsva, varimi vanobatidza nekudzima pombi nenharembozha, uye vanokwanisa kuona kuti kuyerera nemajekiseni efetereza ari kuitei.
"Tekinoroji yemazuva ano inogona kutarisa kana dutu remvura rikauya uye foni inogona kushandiswa kudzima sisitimu - uye unogona kuzviita uri kure," akadaro Nye.
Nye akati budiriro yakakosha inotevera ichave yakapararira maitiro ekudzokorodza zvakare "kushandisazve zvinhu zvatiri kuburitsa nekuzvishandisazve."
Nhoroondo yezvawawana
Phil DeMarco wekuHamonton, New Jersey, aimbova nhengo yedare reIrrigation Association uyo ave achiita basa rokudiridza kwemakore makumi manomwe, akaberekwa uye akakurira papurazi kumaodzanyemba kweNew Jersey. Akaona kushandiswa kwekutanga kweanotakurika, anofambiswa nemaoko aruminiyamu nzira dzekudiridza papurazi rababa vake remuriwo iro rakabata muma1940s.
"Vaiwanzova maregi epamba," DeMarco akadaro. “Mapombi akavakwa mumafekitari akatanga munzvimbo iyi munguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Mvura yewinch-mhando masisitimu akatanga kushandiswa munenge mukupera kwema1970. Apo ndakagovera midziyo yokudiridza muna 1975, kwakanga kune mamwe mayuniti anotakurika, asi taiva kazhinji kazhinji pombi dzedu timene dzedhiziri dzakakwirira uye tichidzitengesa nepasi pevhu PVC. Nzvimbo yemuriwo muVineland, New Jersey, ichiri kushandisa aruminiyamu inofambiswa nemaoko. Ndiyo chete nzvimbo yauchiri kuona mamwe mapurazi madiki ane 8 kusvika 10 maeka achiishandisa.
"Drip yatora nzvimbo yemuriwo," akadaro. “Inochengetedza vashandi, inochengetedza mari, hapana kutambisa mvura, uye mvura yacho muri kungoishandisa munzvimbo yamakatara. Iwe uri kuisawo pasi, pamwe chete nechirimwa pasi pepurasitiki. Vari kurima madomasi, magreens nezvimwe zvese. Chibage chinotapira chiri kutoshandisa drip shoma – asi chirimwa chiri kukurumidza kukura.”
“Kune mari dziri kuchengetwa dzichiiswa mumadiridziro edrip irrigation, munenge musiri kutarisira michina nemapombi. Hapana chairi kuita kunze kwekutanga pombi kana kuvhura vharuvhu. Zvakaita mutsauko mukuru. Pakarepo (varimi) pavakaona chimwe chinhu chichiuya mumugwagwa, chimwe chinhu chitsva, vakasvetukira pachiri. "
Vati kumaodzanyemba kweNew Jersey hakuna dambudziko rekuwanikwa kwemvura rinoonekwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika.
- Gary Pullano, shamwari mupepeti