Muna 1998, apo Mike Orzolek neni takatanga Penn State Center for High Tunnel Research and Education, taivakira patsvagiridzo yakanaka uye basa reKuwedzera rakatoitwa naOtho Wells, University of New Hampshire.
Mukurukurirano yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi naWells, purofesa akabuda, akataura kuti akatanga kuferefeta migero shure muna 1983. Tunnel dzake dzokutanga dzakagadzirwa nokumonereka pombi yemagetsi kuita mahopu akafara zvakakwana kuvhara mutsara wemadomasi airimwa pachishandiswa mulch yepurasitiki nhema nokudiridza uye akanga ari matanhatu. tsoka dzakakwirira.
Wells akabva abatana naEd Person anobva kuLedgewood Farms muMoultonborough, New Hampshire uyo aiedza kugadzira mafuremu ekufamba-famba mukotoni yepamusoro uye pamwe chete vakanakisa dhizaini yekufamba-mumugero wedunhu reNew England uye hurongwa hwekurima madomasi ekutanga. Wells paakasiya basa muna 1999, ini naMike takatosarudza kuti pakanga pachine kumwe kutsvagisa uye dzidzo yaifanira kuitwa pamatanho akakwirira, uye muna 1998 takatanga kuvaka 17-mamita-paupamhi ne36-mamita-refu-marefu matunnel akatengwa kuLedgewood. Mapurazi.
Isu takabatanidzawo vadzidzisi vedu vedunhu Extension, vakawana ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuita siting uye kuvaka tunnels dzakakwirira. Pakutanga, takadzokorora dhizaini yepamusoro-soro uye hurongwa hwekugadzira matomatisi ayo Well's akanga aita kuti abudirire uye akarima goho redu rekutanga rematomatisi.
Takabva tashandura dhizaini rekutanga endwall kuti ribvumire diki 21-horsepower, mana-mavhiri dhiraivha tirakita kuti rototill ivhu. Takashandisa muchina uchangobva kugadzirwa wepurasitiki mudiki wakaradzikwa 3-foot-wide plastic, kugadzira 18-inch-wide, yakasimudzwa, mubhedha wakavharwa nepurasitiki une tepi yekudiridza.
Kwemakore akatevera, tsvakiridzo yakaenderera mberi pamhando dzakasiyana dzezvirimwa zvemuriwo uye Kathy Demchak, Penn State diki yemichero Extension nyanzvi, akatanga yake yakanakisa tsvakiridzo yekugadzira mastrawberries, matsvuku raspberries nemablackberries. Nekufamba kwenguva, takarima muriwo wese kubva kuasparagus kusvika kuzucchini mumatanho marefu. Panhongonya, takanga tine pamusoro pematanho akakwirira makumi matatu kubva pahukuru kubva pa30 ne14 tsoka kusvika 20 ne30 tsoka, saka varimi nevamwe vaigona kuona hukuru hwakasiyana hwematanho akakwirira aripo.
Varimi vakaoneswawo nenzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzira, kubva pamibhedha yemapuranga yakasimudzwa, kugadzirwa kwepurasitiki yemubhedha, kugadzirwa kweorganic, michero midiki uye kugadzirwa kwemaruva. Kuburikidza nemisangano yakawanda, zvinyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzenhau, mharidzo pamisangano yezvigadzirwa zvevarimi munyika yose uye kushanyirwa panzvimbo yepakati nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, Extension nyanzvi uye varimi, mamwe mapurogiramu emayunivhesiti epamusoro-soro munyika yose akatangwa uye varimi vakaramba vachiisa tunnels dzakawanda gore negore.
Mukutaura naWells, akataura kuti muna 1988 maiva nematanho akakwirira gumi nemashanu muNew Hampshire uye muna 15 - pedyo nekurega kwake - kwaiva ne1998 high tunnels.
Payakamira
Saka ndeipi mamiriro azvino ematanho akakwira mudunhu reMid-Atlantic yenyika? Ndakabata vaongorori vepayunivhesiti, nyanzvi dzeExtension uye County Extension vadzidzisi muPennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia neWest Virginia. Kubvumirana kwavo kwese ndeyekuti mashandisirwo emugero wepamusoro uye tekinoroji dzakabatana dzakakwirira dzinoramba dzichikura panzira yakasimba yekukwira.
Pamusoro pezvo, ndakataura neUnited States Department of Agriculture National Resource Conservation Services (NRCS) mumatunhu akatevedzana kuti vaunganidze nhamba dzemiripo yepamusoro yavakapa kubvira pakatangwa chirongwa ichocho musi wa1 Gumiguru 2009. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nhamba idzi dzinomiririra tunnels dzakakwirira dzakasimbiswa neNRCS uye mari yakabviswa uye kwete iyo yakabviswa kana iri mupombi kuti ibvumirwe.
Heano mhinduro dzeNRCS nehurumende: Pennsylvania, 408; New Jersey, 122; Delaware, makumi masere nemapfumbamwe; Maryland, 89; West Virginia, 263; Virginia, 222; kwehwerengedzo ye614 yakakwirira tunnel.
fungidziro yeavo vanobatika pamatanho akakwirira ndeiyi: Pennsylvania, 2,200 - ine vanopfuura mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu muLancaster County chete; New Jersey, 250; Maryland, 150 2,500; Delaware, zana; West Virginia, 100 uye Virginia, 850. Mazhinji akamira akakwirira tunnels kubva pa1,200 kusvika 15 tsoka yakafara uye 30 tsoka pakureba, kunyangwe paine akati wandei-mabhay units akadai seHaygrove uye mashoma anofambika marefu tunnel mudunhu rese.
Makambani anonzi ari kupa tunnels dzakakwirira mudunhu iri Ledgewood Farms, Atlas Greenhouse Systems, Growers Supply/Farmtek, Zimmerman's High Tunnels, Rimol Greenhouse Systems, Crop King, Haygrove Tunnels, H. Schawartz & Sons, Puckett Greenhouses, Beiler Greenhouses nedzimba dzepamusha. .
Madomasi anoisa mafambiro
Madomasi ndiwo chirimwa chekutanga kusvika kure. Kune kushomeka kwechando kana kugadzirwa kwakanyanyisa mudunhu uye kunosanganisira kunyanya midzi yezvirimwa, zvirimwa zvecole uye mashizha ane mashizha uye anogona kuve akabatana nekugadzirwa kweorganic. Matambudziko ainyanya kutaurwa inyaya dzekunaka kwemvura, hutano hwevhu uye kuwanda kwemunyu muvhu, kushaikwa kwekutenderedzwa kwembesa zvakanaka, kuwanda kwezvirwere muvhu, kudzora tembiricha yemukoto wepamusoro, kukuvadzwa nemhepo nekutsvaga chirimwa chinoita mari.
Hutsva hunocherechedzwa mudunhu iri hutsva tekinoroji uye dhizaini mune otomatiki epadenga mavhaira, madziro emadziro, mhuri nyowani yetunnel yekufukidzira iri kuuya mukushandiswa, masisitimu ekubatisa mvura ematanho akakwirira, kutorwa kwesimba rezuva, mhuri nyowani yematanho anofambiswa, kubatanidzwa kwezvipenyu zvinodzora. uye zvimwe zvakabatanidzwa kutonga zvipembenene. Pane kufarirwa kwakawanda muunyanzvi hwekutarisira kuvandudza hutano hwevhu mumatanho akakwirira uye kuenderera mberi nekuongorora mhando dzematanho akakwirira uye zvirimwa zvitsva.
Wese munhu anobvuma kuti kushandiswa kwematanho akakwirira kucharamba kuchikura uye kuwedzera mune ramangwana.
Kushandiswa kwePennsylvania kunowedzera
MuPennsylvania, Tom Ford, mudzidzisi wezvokutengeserana horticulture, Cambria County; Jeff Stoltzfus, mudzidzisi wekuchengetedza chikafu chepurazi ari muLancaster County naTom Butzler, mudzidzisi weExtension muClinton County, vakati vaitarisira kuti huwandu hwematanho akakwirira huchapeta katatu mukati memakore mashanu, kunyanya sezvo kugadzirwa kwemunda wematomatisi kunopinda mudziviriro inopihwa nematanho akakwirira.
Butzler akacherekedza kuti maokisheni ezvigadzirwa ari kuwana simba muPennsylvania, uye anowanikwa zvakanyanya nenhengo dzesangano rePlain, uye ari kuona kuti vari kubuda mumukaka uye vachiwedzera tunnels kumabasa avo, zvichivabvumira kutanga kutanga. kugadzira kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa kuri nani kwevashandi.
MuMaryland, Bryan Butler, mumiriri mukuru muCarroll County, akati neNRCS ichipa mari yekutenga matano epamusoro, aitenda kuti yakasiya vanhu vasina kupihwa mari yavo kana zvichienzaniswa nemakore gumi kana anopfuura apfuura. Vati varimi vanowanzoona matunera akakwirira semhinduro kumatambudziko ese ari kukura uye havatarisire zvakakwana kune manejimendi avo.
Rose Ogutu, nyanzvi yekurima horticulture, Delaware State University, uye Dr. Gordon Johnson, Extension nyanzvi, University of Delaware, vakacherechedza kuti vane boka guru revarimi veAsia - murimi mumwe ane anopfuura 30 high tunnels. Vanotarisira kuona kubatanidzwa kwakawanda kwekutonga kwebiological muIPM mumatanho akakwirira mune ramangwana, uye kuwedzera kwekushandiswa nevarimi vekuAsia.
Chimwe chinonyanya kunetsa Chris Mullins, Extension nyanzvi, Virginia State University, ndechekuti vazhinji vanosaina chirongwa cheNRCS chepamusoro chetunnel havazive zvavari kuzorima kana kuti voshambadza sei chirimwa. Vati panodiwa dzidzo yakawanda vasati vawana rubatsiro urwu. Kufanana nePennsylvania, mamiriro ekukura muVirginia anosiyana kubva kumakomo eShenandoah kuenda kunharaunda yeTidewater uye kurudziro inoda kugadziridzwa kunharaunda iyoyo.
Lewis Jett, nyanzvi yezvekuwedzera, West Virginia University, akataura kushushikana kuti migero yakakwirira haisi kushandiswa kunyatsoshanda uye kuwedzera kwekudya kwegore kutenderedza kunogoneka mugero repamusoro. Akanzwa kuti kushandiswa kwematanho akakwirira kuchawedzera nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze asina kujeka akaitika makore mashoma apfuura izvo zvaita kuti kugadzirwa kwetsika kwakadzivirirwa kuve chinhu chakakosha.
Michelle Infante-Casella, mumiriri wezvekurima, Gloucester County; Wes Kline, mumiriri wezvekurima, Cumberland County; uye Bob Muth, Muth Family Farms muNew Jersey, ona kuenderera mberi kwekukura kwematanho akakwirira, kunyanya nemadomasi matsva emusika sezvo varimi vari kusiya kugadzirwa kwemunda nekuda kwekumanikidza kwechirwere uye nyaya dzemhando semhedzisiro yekunaya kwemvura mumunda uye kufamba mumatanho akakwirira.
- William James Lamont Jr. mutori wenhau weVegetable Growers News. Iye zvakare purofesa anobuda muzvirimwa zvemuriwo, Penn State University Dhipatimendi rePlant Science.
Pamusoro. kugadzirwa kwechando kwezvirimwa zvakasimba mumugero wakakwirira. Mufananidzo: William Lamont