Indasitiri yemiriwo ine chido chiri kukura muhutano hwevhu uye hutachiona hwevhu hunobatsira, kusanganisira mycorrhizal fungi. Kuwana mabhenefiti kubva kune mycorrhizal fungi pasi pemamiriro emunda wekutengesa hakusi nyore. Kurima zvakanyanya, kupfutidza ivhu, kuvhuvhuta uye kukura kwezvisiri-mycorrhizal zvirimwa zvekuchengeta - senge izvo zviri mubrassica (Brassicaceae) uye beet (Amaranthaceae) mhuri - inoderedza huwandu hwemycorrhizal inoculum muvhu, uye mukana wekutora zvirimwa. midzi ne mycorrhizal fungi.
Sechikamu che Kugadziridza mbesa dzekuvharira indasitiri yemuriwo (VG16068) - chirongwa chekudyara mutero pasi peHort Innovation Vegetable Fund - chikwata chepurojekiti chakatarisa kugona kwembesa dzekuvharisa, pamwe chete nemajekiseni ekutengesa mycorrhizal uye kuderedza kurima kwevhu, kusimbisa fungidziro yemycorrhizal muzvirimwa zvemuriwo. Kukwidziridzwa kunodiwa sezvo mycorrhizal colonization mazinga muzvirimwa zvemuriwo zvekutengesa akaonekwa akadzikira. Nekudaro, kuwedzera mycorrhizal colonization mazinga muzvirimwa zvemuriwo kwakaratidza kuoma nekuda kweiyo yakanyanya kuwanikwa ivhu phosphorus mazinga.
Pfungwa huru uye kurudziro
Ongororo ye mycorrhizal fungi muzvirimwa zvemuriwo zvekutengesa muAustralia yakaratidza kuti maitiro ekuwedzera fungi anobatsira anodiwa, paine gumi nemana chete muzana yezvirimwa zvemuriwo zvakatorwa zvinoratidza kushamwaridzana kwemycorrhizal.
Kuedza kuwedzera mwero wemycorrhizal muzvirimwa zvemuriwo uchishandisa mbesa dzekuvharisa pamwe chete nedzekutengesa mycorrhizal inoculants uye kudzikiswa kwekurima mumiedzo yakasiyana-siyana hazvina kubudirira mumiedzo yedu. Zvisinei, inoculants inogona kubatsira mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Ivhu rinowanikwa phosphorus yakawanda muvhu rinorimwa muriwo rinotadzisa mycorrhizal root colonization yezvirimwa zvekuvharisa nezvirimwa zvemuriwo.
Kune varimi vemiriwo vanofarira kuvandudza kushamwaridzana kwemycorrhizal muzvirimwa zvavo zvekuvhara uye zvirimwa zvemiriwo, zvinotevera ndizvo "zvakanakisa zvekubheja" mamiriro ekuvandudza mycorrhizal:
- Ivhu rine mwero phosphorus inowanikwa mwero (Olsen-P <50 ppm).
- Yakasimba phosphorus kugadzirisa ivhu (semuenzaniso, kuchamhembe kweTasmania nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero WA).
- Masisitimu ekugadzira miriwo achishandisa huwandu hwecompost.
Sei uchikurudzira mycorrhizal fungi? Benefits kuburikidza nesymbiosis
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ndiyo 'mireza' yefungidzi inobatsira, ine mabhenefiti adzo anozivikanwa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemiriwo uye kushandiswa kuri kukura kwezvigadzirwa zvemycorrhizal inoculant.
Colonization yemidzi yezvirimwa ne mycorrhizal fungi inopa akati wandei mabhenefiti anosanganisira:
- Kuwedzerwa kutorwa kwezvokudya zvisingafambi, kunyanya phosphorus uye zinc
- Kuvandudzwa kwekudya kwezvibereko.
- Goho rakavandudzwa.
- Biostimulant zvinhu.
- Kudzivirirwa kwemidzi yekugamuchira kubva kune mamwe hutachiona.
- Kuvandudzwa kwehukama hwemvura, kunyanya pasi pekushomeka kwekudya.
- Kuderedza kuvhunduka kwekutandira.
- Kuvandudzwa kwevhu kuunganidzwa kuburikidza neglomalin.
Mycorrhizal fungi inosungirwa symbiotic fungi ine marudzi anopfuura gumi nemashanu uye zana nemakumi mashanu emarudzi. Muivhu rekurima, mycorrhizal fungi inogona kuumba pakati pezvishanu ne15 muzana yebiomass yevhu tupukanana.
Zvinenge ivhu rose rine mycorrhizal fungi, asi inoculum density (spores, midzi zvidimbu uye hyphae) uye fungal marudzi anosiyana. Kuti urarame nekukura, mycorrhizal fungi inoda chirimwa chinorarama chinopa chikafu (photosynthates) mukutsinhana nemabhenefiti ane chekuita nehukama hwesymbiotic.
Kudyidzana pakati pemycorrhizal fungi nechirimwa kunoongororwa nekuyera midzi yekoloni. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora midzi kubva muzvirimwa zvemumunda, kusvibisa fungidziro yemycorrhizal uye kuongorora midzi yezvimiro zvemycorrhizal (hyphae, arbuscles kana vesicles). Izvi zvinobva zvashandiswa kuverenga chikamu chemidzi yakaumbwa.
Mycorrhizal fungi muzvirimwa zvemuriwo zvekutengesa - inoda kukwidziridzwa here?
Mycorrhizal colonization mazinga akawanikwa ari zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvekutengesa zvakaderera. Zvikamu gumi neina chete kubva muzana zvezvirimwa zvemuriwo zvakatorwa zvaive nehukama hwemycorrhizal (ona Tafura 14). Pane izvo zvirimwa zvine mycorrhizal kushamwaridzana, midzi colonization mazinga aive pakati nepakati (Table 1, Figure 1). Paive nezvirimwa makumi mashanu nenomwe zvemuriwo zvakatorwa mumapurazi makumi maviri nemaviri. Midzi yemuenzaniso yakatorwa kubva muzvirimwa zvakarimwa mumunda kuVictoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia neTasmania. Tunnel imba ivhu-yakakura capsicum uye eggplants zvakare akatorwa sample muSouth Australia.
Kuwedzera mycorrhizal masangano
Mumiyedzo mina yemumunda, takaedza kuwedzera mycorrhizal colonization muzvirimwa zvekuvharisa kana leeks kana chibage tichishandisa mbesa dzekuvharisa pamwe chete nemainoculants emycorrhizal uye kuderedzwa kwekurima.
Zvirimwa zvekuvharira zvaive nemazinga akaderera emycorrhizal root colonization (Tafura 2) uye hazvina kuwedzera mycorrhizal muvhu kana zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvinotevera. Mapfunde ndiwo ega chirimwa chekuvharira chaive nemidzi yemycorrhizal iri pakati nepakati (> 10%).
Kuisa mycorrhizal inoculum pachirimwa chekuvharira chirimwa chisati chadyarwa kana kuti chakananga pachirimwa chemuriwo hazvina kuwedzera midzi yechibage kana leek pakukohwa kana kukura negoho.
Ivhu rakakwirira phosphorus mazinga anoderedza mycorrhizal fungi
Ivhu repamusoro rinowanikwa phosphorus mazinga (Olsen-P> 100 ppm) anowanikwa muvhu rinokura muriwo. Kuwanda kwakadai kunowanikwa ivhu phosphorus mazinga anogona kutadzisa midzi kutorwa kwembesa dzekuvharira nezvirimwa zvemuriwo. Kuwedzera mycorrhizal inoculants hakuna kukunda kudzikiswa uku. Muivhu rine Olsen-P kukosha pamusoro pe50 ppm chirimwa chinotambira, icho chinodzora maitiro ekoloni, kazhinji hachibvumire mycorrhizal fungi kupinda mumudzi.
Takawana zvimwe zvirimwa zvekuvharisa uye zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvine mwero wemidzi inogamuchirwa. Aya masayiti kazhinji aive neakaderera anowanikwa phosphorus mazinga. Semuyenzaniso, goho rekuvharisa oat rine 78 percent root colonization rate yaive neOlsen-P value ye7 ppm.
Kune varimi vemiriwo vanofarira kuvandudza kushamwaridzana kwemycorrhizal muzvirimwa zvavo zvekuvharira uye zvirimwa zvemuriwo, tinopa mazano anotevera 'akanakisa kubheja' mamiriro:
- Ivhu rine mwero wefosforasi unowanikwa (<50 ppm Olsen-P; kufungidzira kushandurwa kune mamwe maedzo evhu: <140 ppm Colwell-P, <110 ppm Bray-P kana <105 ppm Mehlich-3-P).
- Yakasimba phosphorus kugadzirisa ivhu (semuenzaniso, Ferrosols kuchamhembe Tasmania; ivhu kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero WA). Tarisa ivhu rinenge rine yakakwirira Phosphorus Retention Index kana Phosphorus Buffering Index.
- Kugadzirwa kwemuriwo uchishandisa compost yakakwira. MuSouth Australia, isu takagara tichiona yakakwira midzi mycorrhizal colonization mazinga mukati Solanaceae zvirimwa zvinorimwa muzvirimwa zvakadzivirirwa, zvisinei nekushandiswa kwevhu rinopfungaira. Aya masisitimu ese akashandisa mwero wecompost wakasanganiswa ne mycorrhizal inoculants.
Aya 'akanakisa kubheja' mamiriro anopa gwara kune avo varimi vanoda kuwedzera mycorrhizal fungi mazinga. Nekudaro, isu hatina kukwanisa kuratidza kuti ndeapi mabhenefiti eiyo mycorrhizal fungi anogona kupihwa kune zvirimwa zvemiriwo pasi pemamiriro ekutengeserana.
Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve zvirimwa zvekuvhara zvinogadzirwa neprojekiti VG16068, ndapota shanya iyo Soil Wealth webhusaiti uye tsvaga zviwanikwa zvine chekuita nechirimwa chinovhara.
Chirongwa ichi chakapihwa mari neHort Innovation vachishandisa mutero wemuriwo wekutsvagisa nekusimudzira uye mipiro kubva kuHurumende yeAustralia.