Basa remumunda rakadai sekugadzirisa zvakare gore negore muzvirimwa zveasparagus, kushandiswa kwepfapfaidzo uye kukohwa kunogona kukonzera kufambira mberi uye kwakanyanyisa kusungirirwa kwemavhiri e-inter-bed, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwekupinda uye kuwedzera kwengozi yemvura pamusoro pemvura, kugadzirwa kwemvura uye kukukurwa kwevhu.
AHDB inotsigirwa nemari chirongwa FV 450 'Asparagus: Sustainable ivhu manejimendi yekumira kwenguva refu uye goho optimization' (01/05/2016 – 31/03/2018), kuvandudza uye kunyatsoparadzira sutu yeBest Management Maitiro (BMPs) kudzivirira uye / kana kugadzirisa mavhiri compaction uye nyaya dzazvinokonzeresa. Chirongwa ichi chakafambiswa naDr Rob Simmons veCranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Cranfield University.
Zviyedzo zviviri zvakadzokororwa zvemumunda zvakavambwa muna Kubvumbi 2016 paGatsford Farm, Ross-on-Wye, nerutsigiro rwemhando kubva kuCobrey Farms. BMPs yaisanganisira (1) inofambidzana zvirimwa - Rye (Sereale cecale L.), Masitadhi (Sinapis alba L.), (2) kushandiswa kwemuteuro wepamusoro (mulch yemashanga kana PAS 100 manyowa pamwe chete nekukanganisika kwevhu risina kudzika (SSD)) uye (3) musanganiswa wemiitiro yakajairika yekurima (R) uye SSD) kurwisa (4) imwe zero-tillage sarudzo. Kuvhiringidza Ivhu Kusina Kudzika kwakaiswa pachishandiswa mapapiro ane mapapiro ari 0.25 - 0.3 m kudzika mukurapwa kwemulch.
MuChiyedzo 1 (48 yekuyedza maplots), kukanganisa kweBMPs kwakadzidzwa muGijnlim, inomiririra 70% yeUK munda wakarimwa asparagus chirimwa. Kuedza 2 kwakaenzanisa kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana mukukura kwemidzi uye dhizaini uye, midzi profil kugovera sekukanganiswa ne sub-soiling kurapwa kweGijnlim uye Guelph Millennium. Muedzo wakagadziriswa unopihwa pazasi -
Matafura 1 - Kuedza 1: Tsanangudzo yekurapa
Kusiyana-siyana | Tsanangudzo yekurapa | Kudzokorora |
Gijnlim | Shamwari Chirimwa - rye | R |
Gijnlim | Shamwari Chirimwa - rye | NR |
Gijnlim | Shamwari Chirimwa - mustard | R |
Gijnlim | Shamwari Chirimwa - mustard | NR |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 manyowa SSD | R |
Gijnlim | PAS 100 manyowa SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Mashanga Mulch SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Mashanga Mulch SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Bare ivhu SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Bare ivhu SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | Kudzidzira Kwakajairika | R |
Gijnlim | Zero-tillage | NR |
Gore negore re-ridging (R) kana Zero-ridging (NR). Shallow ivhu disturbance (SSD). Mishonga yakasvibirira inosanganisirwa muKuedza 2.
Chiyedzo chechipiri: Tsananguro yekurapa
Kusiyana-siyana | Tsanangudzo yekurapa | Kudzokorora |
Gijnlim | Bare ivhu SSD | R |
Gijnlim | Bare ivhu SSD | NR |
Gijnlim | *Conventional Practice | R |
Gijnlim | Zero-tillage | NR |
Guelph Millennium | Bare ivhu SSD | R |
Guelph Millennium | Bare ivhu SSD | NR |
Guelph Millennium | *Conventional Practice | R |
Guelph Millennium | Zero-tillage | NR |
Gore negore re-ridging (R) kana Zero-ridging (NR). Shallow ivhu disturbance (SSD). Mishonga ine matema-tema inosanganisirwa kubva muKuedza 1.
*Maitiro echinyakare anotsanangurwa sekuti kudonhedzazve gore negore pasina kukanganiswa kwevhu kusina kudzika kunoiswa kumavhiri epakati.
Root architecture uye midzi profiles kugoverwa kwakatemwa. Root cores yakatorwa pa korona zero line (CZL) kubva pakati pemiti miviri mumutsara. Macores akatorwawo gare gare, kure neCZL, asi maererano nekorona pamakiromita 0.3 m, 0.6 m uye 0.9 m (Mufananidzo 1). Midzi yemidzi yakatorwa kubva pakadzika ivhu rinotevera: 0.00 - 0.15 m, 0.15 - 0.30 m, 0.30 - 0.45 m uye 0.45 - 0.6 m.
Mufananidzo 1. Root coring protocol yakagamuchirwa paFV 450 / FV 450a saiti yekuyedza.
Iyo purojekiti yemakore maviri yakaratidza maitiro akasimba ekuti Gijnlim midzi iwedzere zvakanyanya muvhiri kupfuura Guelph Millennium asi hapana misiyano yakakura mukugovaniswa kwenzvimbo yemidzi mikuru densities yakaonekwa pakati pemhando. Kukohwa kushoma kuti kuverengera goho kwakaratidza kuti kucheka zvakare hakuna kuderedza goho kune chero mbesa kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti, pachirimwa chidiki nemavhiri pa1.83 m centre, kudzika pasi kusvika 0.3 m kwakadzika kwakachengetedzeka kuti kuitwe zvirimwa zverye kana mustard. dzakura. Paiva nengozi yekukuvadza 2-5% yehuwandu hwemidzi apo pasi-ivhu mumavhiri pa 0.175 cm kudzika kweGuelph Millennium uye pa 0.3 m kudzika kweGijnlim.
Rye uye mbesa yemasitadhi zvirimwa zvaiita kunge zvinoganhurira kusimukira kwemidzi yekuchengetera asparagus kunzvimbo yemawere, nekukura kushoma kwemidzi pamusoro (<0.15 m) yemavhiri. Iyo rye / isina-yakadzika ivhu kukanganisa kusinga-ridged kurapwa kwakabereka zvakanyanya kuderera (18.9 - 28.5% pasi) kupfuura mamwe akawanda marapirwo. Uku kudzikiswa kwakasiyana zvakanyanya nezvakawanikwa nevarimi vekuNorth America asparagus.
High Penetromer Resistance values (PR>3 MPa) uye high Bulk Density (BD>1.45 cm-3)
kuyerwa kwakaonekwa muzasi-pasi-ivhu mumavhiri, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa midzi yeasparagus. Marekodha epamusoro eBD akaitirwawo yepakati pevhu. Nhoroondo, midzi yeasparagus yakaonekwa muvhu rine PR tsika dze1.96 MPa uye 2.9 MPa). Kukanganisa kwepamusoro PR uye BD kukosha pakukura kweasparagus kuchengetedza midzi uye saka kukwanisa kuchengetedza soluble carbohydrates ikozvino hazivikanwi.
Chirongwa chekuenderera mberi FV 450a (02/04 2018 - 02/04/2021) chakaitwa sechidzidzo chePhD naLucie Maskova, vachitungamirirwa naDr Rob Simmons, Dr Sarah De Baets naDr Lynda Deeks kuCranfield. Izvi zvakaenderera mberi nekudzidza mabatiro ekurapa kweFV450 pagoho, kukura kwemidzi uye magadzirirwo uye mazinga anonyungudika emakhahydrates mumidzi uye zvinokanganisa hutano hwevhu. Misiyano yakasiyana-siyana mukupindura kwemidzi kuBMPs yakaongororwa uye ongororo yakawedzera yeasparagus midzi yekuvaka inofukidza marudzi akasiyana evhu, mazera ekumira, mhando dzakasiyana uye masisitimu ekugadzirwa munharaunda yese yevarimi veasparagus yakaitwa. Kuchengetera midzi yekabhohaidhireti mazinga akatemerwa munzvimbo dzese uye ongororo yakaitwa 'yemidzi kukuvadzwa kwenjodzi' yezvirimwa zvakaongororwa.
FV 450a: Mhedzisiro yeBMP pane goho
Mishonga yePAS 100 yecompost (yakapetwa uye isina-yakaomeswa pamwe chete nekukanganiswa kwevhu risina kudzika) yakabatana nekusimudzwa kwe20% mugoho remapfumo easparagus kana zvichienzaniswa nemaitiro echinyakare uye rye isiri-yakaomeswa mishonga. Iyo rye isina-ridged kurapwa yakaramba ichibatanidzwa nekuderedza 23% mugoho kana ichienzaniswa nekurapa rye ridged (Mufananidzo 2).
Mufananidzo 2. Misiyano muna 2020 Gijnlim goho (kg ha-1) pakati Kuedza 1 marapirwo. Mabhawa akamira anoratidza 0.95 nguva dzekuvimba.
Izvi zvinopa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti panorimwa rye seimwe yechirimwa uye kurima hakugone kuitwa, muchirimo chinotevera kuderedzwa kukuru kwegoho kunogona kutarisirwa. Zvakadaro, kana kurima kuchikwanisa kuitwa hapana mutongo wegoho unoonekwa kana uchienzaniswa nemaitiro echinyakare kana kuti zero-tillage. Kubva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, varimi vanogona kunge vasingade kuisa panjodzi yekurima rye seimwe yechirimwa, kana mamiriro ekunze / ivhu zvichireva kuti havachakwanisa kukwira mumunda kuti vatakure.
Mhedzisiro ye2020 yakatevera zvakawanikwa muna 2018 uye 2019 kuti asparagus kuchengetedza midzi carbohydrate kukosha kweGuelph Millennium yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yakaenzana neGijnlim, zvisinei nekurapwa. Kunyangwe paine misiyano yakajeka yegoho, pakanga pasina mhedzisiro yekurapa pamidzi carbohydrate kukosha muna 2019 kana 2020.
Mibairo inoratidzawo kuti kune ese ari maviri Gijnlim neGuelph Millennium, kudzoreredza kwepagore kwakabatana nemaitiro akajairwa kwakakonzera kudzikiswa kwegoho ne20-24% kana zvichienzaniswa neakaenzana zero-tillage marapiro. Izvi zvinogona muchikamu kutsigira tsvakiridzo yapfuura inoratidza kuti kudzoreredza kwegore negore kunokonzera kukuvadzwa kwemidzi uye kudzikiswa kwegoho.
FV 450a: Impact paBMPs pakugadzirisa ivhu & kupinza
Maitiro echinyakare aibatanidzwa neakanyanya kukwirisa penetrometer resistance (PR) values kubva pa 0.0-0.2 m kudzika, kana zvichienzaniswa nemishonga yevhu isina chinhu. Kusiyana neizvi, tsika dzePR dzakadzikira paivhu rese kubva pakurapa zero-tillage yairatidza kushomeka kwevhu kana zvichienzaniswa nemamwe marapirwo evhu.
Kudyara kweshamwari hakuna kukanganisa zvakanyanya PR kana zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa kuita. Izvi zvanga zvisingatarisirwi, zvichibva pane zvakamboburitswa zvidzidzo, shamwari yekurima bioremediated ivhu chimiro.
Muna 2020, PR yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya mumavhiri epakati kusvika 0.25 m kudzika kune ese asina kudzika mavhu ekuvhiringidza kurapwa. Pamusoro pazvo, mulch yemashanga uye PAS 100 mishonga yecompost (yakashandiswa pamwe chete nekukanganiswa kwevhu kusina kudzika) kwakakonzera kutsvikinyidzana kwakanyanya pane tsika yakajairika kusvika pakadzika kupfuura 0.5 m.
Muna 2020, mazinga ekupinda mukurapa kwese pasi pekukanganiswa kwevhu zvisina kudzika akaiswa se "Kukurumidza Kwazvo" (> 500 mm h.1) uye dzaive dzakakwirira kudarika dzechinyakare ("Moderate", 23.2 mm h-1).
Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti musanganiswa wekuisa mulch (pas 100 Kompositi kana mashanga) kune interrow wheeling uye kukanganiswa kwevhu kusina kudzika kunoderedza kudzika kwekugara uye kunowedzera kupinda. Izvi zvine zvazvinoreva pakuyerera kwemvura nekudzora kukurwa kwevhu pamwe nekuchajazve mwando wevhu.
FV 450a: Mhedzisiro yekurapa pamidzi yekuvaka
Misiyano yakakura muprofile midzi misa density (RMD) yakaonekwa pakati pe zero tillage uye zvechinyakare maitiro ekurapa. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekusiyana kwakakosha muRMD pa 0.15 - 0.30 m kudzika, 0.3, 0.6 uye 0.9 m kubva korona zero line. Misiyano iyi inosvika pakati pe48-98% kuwedzera kweRMD yakabatana nerezero-tillage kurapwa kana ichienzaniswa neyakajairwa tsika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti gore negore re-ridging inokuvadza midzi yekuchengetedza. Zvisinei, kusvika nhasi, hapana kuderera kukuru kwegoho kana kuwedzera kwechirwere chechirwere chave chichionekwa maererano nekurapa uku.
Guelph Millennium inosanganiswa nemaitiro asina kudzika midzi kana achienzaniswa neGijnlim. Pakurapa zero-tillage, iyo inobvumira kuti midzi yeasparagus ikure isina kukanganiswa, Guelph Millennium inosanganiswa ne 66-100% yepamusoro yeRMD pa 0.0 - 0.15 m yakadzika pa 0.3 uye 0.6 m kubva korona zero line, kana ichienzaniswa neGijnlim.
Pakati pemishonga yese, sub-soiling (kukanganiswa kwevhu kusina kudzika) mumavhiri anopindirana kunogona kukanganisa kusvika pa5% yemidzi yese yebiomass pasi pemhando dzematanho ekugadzirisa anoshandiswa pakudzika kwe300 mm. Kuitwa kwepagore kukwirisa zvakare kune mukana wekukuvadza kusvika pa5% yeiyo yakazara midzi biomass.
FV 450a: Migumisiro yeongororo yemuridzi
Kuminda yakatorwa kubva kubhangi remurimi rakakura, nzvimbo yemitsara yeasparagus inosiyana-siyana sebasa renzvimbo dzemavhiri. Hunhu hwepamusoro-soro hwehuremu hwemidzi hwakawanikwa pamutsara we zero uye kusvika 0.3m kubva pachikomo, uye hutsika hwakaderera mukutenderera mu 'deadzone' padyo nevhu (0-0.3m). Kusiyana kwakange kusiri chinhu chakakurumbira mukupararira kwemidzi, nepo zera rekumira raive nemhedzisiro yakakosha. Kudzokororwa kudzokororwazve uye kunyorovesa kwevhu mumavhiri kwakadzivirira kuwanda kwemidzi munzvimbo inotenderera nokudaro zvichikonzera 'kuchekererwa' kwakakosha kwemidzi inogona kuitika. Izvi zvine zvazvinoreva pakuchengetedza carbohydrate. Midzi mizhinji yakabatana zvisina kunaka nevhu PR munzvimbo dzese dzakatorwa uye minda. Mhedzisiro yacho inoenderera mberi ichitsigira kurudziro yekuti kuitira kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemidzi kuburikidza nekudonhedzazve kana kuisa pasi pasi, varimi vanofanirwa kuita ongororo yekugovera midzi yemidzi vasati vatanga kudonhedza uye/kana kudzikisa ivhu.
Kuenderera mberi chirongwa FV 450b (kubva 1 Chikunguru 2021)
(Zvichienderana neDefra ministerial decision pane ramangwana reAHDB Horticulture)
Boka rekutungamira chirongwa (PMG), rinosanganisira John Chinn weCobrey Farm, Phil Langley weGs Sandfields Farm Ltd., Tim Casey weJ & V Casey & Son Ltd. uye chipangamazano akazvimiririra Claire Donkin vane maonero ekuti basa iri rinofanira kuenderera mberi. kwemakore matatu anotevera, sezvo zvakakosha kutarisa chirimwa sezvachinokura kusvika padanho repamusoro-soro rekurima kwekutengesa. Muedzo hausati wasvika pachikamu ichi chekukura kwezvirimwa uye kugadzirwa kwehupfumi izvo zvinowanzoitika pakati pemakore 3-4 (Mufananidzo 7). Iyi ndiyo nguva yakakosha yekubhadhara kune varimi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kukonzeresa kwegore negore pakugara kwenguva refu uye pundutso inoda kuenderera mberi ichitariswa uye kuongororwa kwezvehupfumi. Maonero ePMG akatsigirwa neAGA Research & Development technical committee munaGunyana 3.
Mufananidzo 3. FV450 / FV450a / FV450b rondedzero yenguva yeprojekiti inoratidza zviitiko kusvika parizvino uye nguva yenguva yakakosha yekukura kwekutengesa.
Zvinangwa ndezvekuenderera mberi nekuongorora maitiro eBMP pagoho reasparagus, kumira kwenguva refu, kuitika kwezvirwere uye hutano hwevhu. Basa richasanganisira kuongororwa kwakakosha kwebasa rePAS 100 compost application mukuwedzera goho; kuongororwa kwakazara kwevhu remuviri, kemikari uye zvipenyu zviratidzi uye yekuchengetera midzi profiles kugovera, kuitira kuona mamiriro akakwana ekuchengetera midzi kuwanda. Threshold penetrative resistance values iyo inodzikamisa kureba kwemidzi ichaverengerwa uye misiyano yemidzi yekuvaka uye goho richaramba richiongororwa.
Iyo purojekiti icharatidza iyo inodhura-inoshanda BMP, maererano nekufambisa kuvandudza mugoho reasparagus uye hutano hwevhu pamusoro peiyo 6-yr nguva yekukohwa kwekutengesa, zvichienderana nemutengo-kubatsirwa kuongororwa. Izvi zvinobvumira varimi veasparagus kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo maererano nehupfumi hwekutora maBMP mumamiriro ehupfumi hwebhizimusi ravo repurazi.
Zvinangwa zvakare ndezvekuita kunze-chiyero akasarudzwa BMP kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevarimi kuburikidza nekugadzwa kwe3-5 yakadzokororwa satellite saiti. Iyo purojekiti ichaongorora zvakare basa rinogona kuitwa oats seimwe yechirimwa chinofambidzana pachinzvimbo cherye, kuitira kupa kudzivirira kwemuchando-yechando / mukukoromoka.
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