Nyika zhinji pasi rese dzakatarisana kana kuti dzinogona kutarisana nekukanganisa kwakazara kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. South America, kumusha kune rwizi rwechipiri pakukura uye makomo akareba kupfuura mamwe pasi rose, inoenzanisira kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu uye nzvimbo dzakasikwa dzinoberekesa upenyu hwepanyika, hwemugungwa, uye hwemumvura uye inogadzira mhoteredzo yakasiyana-siyana yezvipenyu. Zvakadaro, matambudziko ari kutarisana nekondinendi akawanda - kubva kunyaya dzehydrometeorological, kupararira kwegwenga, uye kutemwa kwemasango kwakawanda, kusvika pakurasikirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu, nyika zhinji dziri kudzidza kujairana nemamiriro ekunze. Heano epamusoro 5 nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza muSouth America.
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5 Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza muSouth America
1. Kutemwa kwemasango
aizivikanwa imwe yenyaya huru dzezvakatipoteredza muhupenyu hwedu, chinetso chokuparadzwa kwemasango chiri kuramba chichitekeshera Masango eAmazon eBrazil. Asi dunhu iri handiro chete rakatarisana nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze anthropogenic. Gran Chaco, sango rechipiri pakukura mukondinendi iyi, rave riri pasi pedzvinyiriro huru kubva mukutema miti. Sango renzvimbo dzakaoma, iro rinotamba makiromita anopfuura miriyoni muArgentina, Paraguay, neBolivia, rarasikirwa. inopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chemasango ayo (akapoteredza 140,000 square kilometers kana 54,000 square miles) kubva 1985. Kunze kwemigumisiro yezvakatipoteredza, kuparadzwa kwemasango munharaunda yeGran Chaco kuri kukanganisa mararamiro evavhimi veIndigenous. Maererano ne Natural Resources Defense Council, 27 ku43% yenyika iri muPeru, Bolivia, Chile, uye Ecuador iri kukanganiswa nokuparara kwemasango kwakapararira.
Kutemwa kwemasango kunozivikanwa kukwidziridza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekuburitsa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi yakawanda mumhepo, zvichiwedzera kumanikidza pamhando dzemhuka nezvinomera. Munharaunda yeGran Chaco kunyanya, kwave nekudzikira kukuru kwehuwandu hwemhando, kusanganisira yeSouth America Jaguar neScreaming Hairy Armadillo.
Kunyange matanho akati wandei ari kutorwa kudzikamisa nekugadzirisa nyaya iyi, kwave nemapoka akawanda ari kutsvaga kumepu nekunzwisisa kukuvadzwa kwenzvimbo kunokonzerwa nekutemwa kwemasango.
Project Lanloss, inorongwa neCa' Foscari University muVenice, Italy, ine chinangwa chekuona kukura kwekuparadzwa kwemasango vachishandisa mifananidzo yepasatellite uye kuongorora zvazvinoita munharaunda. Dr. Tamar Blickstein, uyo anotungamirira chirongwa ichi, ane chinangwa chekubatanidza mifananidzo yesatellite uye mafungiro evanhu nenzira yenyaya yenganonyorwa, netarisiro yekuzivisa vanhu nezvekuparadzwa kwemasango munharaunda yeGran Chaco uye kuwedzera kudzidzisa nharaunda. INCLUDE, chimwe chirongwa chakapera muna 2021, chakatsigirwa neYunivhesiti yeBern kuSwitzerland, chakadzidza kudyidzana kwakasimba pakati petekinoroji, zvakatipoteredza, uye zvehupfumi zvinhu uye pesvedzero yavo pakushandiswa kwevhu uye sarudzo dzemhuri mudunhu reSalta muGran Chaco.
2. Kukukurwa kwevhu
Kukukurwa kwevhu, chimwe chikonzero chakananga chekuparadzwa kwemasango, parizvino kunokanganisa inopfuura 60% yevhu reSouth America uye kwatangawo kutyisidzira. kuchengeteka kwezvokudya mukondinendi. Mahekita anopfuura mamirioni zana enzvimbo akakanganisika uye inotenderedza 100% yenzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBrazil yakaderedzwa. Naizvozvi, zvirimwa zvakakosha zvechikafu zvakaita sechibage nebhinzi zvakakanganiswawo.
Iyo Adapta Sertão initiative, mubatanidzwa wemasangano nevarimi vadiki vakagadzirwa kuti vashandise nzira dzekuvandudza nharaunda munzvimbo isinganayi mvura yeSertão, imwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kuoma muBrazil. Dzimwe dzenzira dzinoshandiswa muchirongwa ichi dzinosanganisira agroforestry masisitimu, mbesa dzekuvharira, nekuvandudza madiridziro nekugadzira masisitimu ekuwedzera goho rekudya kwemhuka.
Kunze kweBrazil, inopfuura hafu yenyika muArgentina, Mexico, neParaguay dzinonzi hadzina kukodzera kurima. Sekureva kwaJosé Miguel Torrico, murongi weUN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) kuLatin America neCaribbean, mutengo wepagore wekuparara kwevhu muLatin America neCaribbean unofungidzirwa kuti $ 60 bhiriyoni.
Kukukurwa kwevhu kwavewo kutyisidzira kukuru kune nzvimbo yeArgentina uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu. Kushatiswa kwenzvimbo yeArgentina kwave kuoneka nekuda kwekurima kwakanyanya, kurima kwezvipfuyo, uye shanduko huru mumashandisirwo evhu munyika. Maererano ne2020 ripoti rakadhindwa nebazi reMinistry of Environmental, mahekita 100 miriyoni kubva munzvimbo inokwana 270 miriyoni mahekita ari kukanganiswa nekukukurwa kwevhu, uye mwero wekukukurwa kwevhu wakawedzera nemahekita angangoita mamiriyoni maviri pagore. Izvi zvinonzi zvakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kurimwa kwesoya bean uye kufudza mafuro mumatunhu mazhinji.
Mumakore achangopfuura, masangano emunharaunda nemasangano akakurudzira kuedza kudzoreredza nekuchengetedza nzvimbo mudunhu. Rimwe sangano rakadai, Network of Municipalities for Agroecology (RENAMA), yakaunza pamwechete nharaunda nevagadziri veArginia kuti vatore maitiro matsva ezvekurima munzvimbo dzinopfuura 100,000 mahekita evhu. Chiitiko ichi chinosanganisira kusiyanisa zvirimwa, kushandiswa zvine mari kwebiological pamusoro pemakemikari ekuisa, uye kuchengetedza tillage.
3. Glacier Melting
Munyika dzinoverengeka dzeSouth America, mazaya echando ndiwo tsime rakakosha remvura yakachena inoshandiswa pakushandisa mvura, mabasa ekurima, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi, uye kuchengetedza nharaunda. Kubva kuma1980, nzvimbo dzinopisa dzeAndes (Chilean neArgentinian Andes) dzanga dzichidzokera shure, uye ice mass yanga ichidonha nemazinga anotyisa, neine negative mass balance trend ye -0.97 metres emvura yakaenzana gore negore mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura. Izvi zvinoramba zvichinyunguduka, pamwe chete nekukwira kwetembiricha, zvinopa njodzi huru kune kuchengetedzwa kwemvura pakati pehuwandu hweAndean uye ecosystem.
Peru yakarasikirwawo neanopfuura makumi mana muzana emazaya echando. Lake Palcacocha iri pakati pePeruvian Andes yakakura zvakapetwa ka34 mumakumi mana emakore chete, ichidyiswa nemvura inonyunguduka yePalcaraju ice sheet.
Dunhu rakatenderedza Lake Palcacocha rakaona njodzi yemafashama muma1940 ayo akauraya hupenyu hwevanhu zviuru zana nemazana masere muguta rakavakidzana reHuaraz. Maererano a kudzidza inoitwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuOxford University neYunivhesiti yeWashington, njodzi dzechiitiko chakafanana kuitika zvakare dzakanyanya kwazvo, zvichipihwa shanduko yejometry yePalcaraju ice sheet uye kuwedzera kwekubuda kwegreenhouse gasi munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Iyo Glaciers and Ecosystems Research National Institute (inozivikanwawo seINAIGEM) neHuaraz Emergency Operations Center (COER) muPeru yagara ichiongorora dunhu rakatenderedza Palacocha uye yakagadzirawo masisitimu ekutanga ekuyambira kuti azivise huwandu hwevanhu kana mafashama anogona kuitika. Aya masisitimu akagadzirirwawo kudzidzisa vanhu nezvehukuru hwenjodzi uye kugadzira zvikwangwani zvakatenderedza guta kuti zvitungamirire zvakachengeteka uye kubudisa vanhu kana mafashamo akaitika.
4. Kusvibiswa kweMvura uye Kushomeka kweMvura
Kunyangwe iri imwe yemanyuko makuru pasi rose emvura yakachena, mamwe mativi eSouth America ari kutarisana nedambudziko remvura risati ramboitika nekuda kwemvura yakashata kana isina kucheneswa, kutadza kutonga kwakakura, uye kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Iyo nucleus yekusvibiswa kwemvura muSouth America ndeyekuti chikamu chikuru chemvura chinoenda chisina kurapwa kuti chishandiswe nevanhu. Kuenzanisira, mvura yakasvibiswa inopinda mumadhamu nenzizi pamwe chete netsvina yevanhu nemhuka inoendeswa kumadziva emvura edzimba zhinji. Uyezve, mamwe ematumbi makuru emvura mukondinendi, kusanganisira Rwizi rweMedellin muColombia, Guanabara Bay muBrazil, uye Argentina's Riachuelo River, anogara achiiswa pasi pekusvibiswa kukuru kwemaindasitiri uye anthropogenic inosvibisa zvitubu zvemvura uye kugadzira mvura. isina kuchengetedzeka pakushandisa uye kudyiwa.
Imwe hydrological conundrum yakatarisana mune dzimwe nyika kushomeka kwemvura. Ichirangarirwa kuva nhamo mukuwirirana nokusanaya kwemvura, kushomeka kwemvura kwatambudza mativi eBrazil, Chile, Argentina, uye Colombia.
Zvakanyanya mega-kusanaya kwemvura muChile, iyo yakatanga muna 2007 uye ichiri kuenderera mberi, yakonzera kurasikirwa kwehupenyu uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvakakonzera kushaikwa kwemvura nechikafu munyika yose.
Hurumende yakaunza mamwe matanho ekumisa matambudziko. Mudunhu reProvincencia reChile, hurumende yakaita hurongwa hwekutsiva zvidyarwa zviripo mumigwagwa nemimwe miti inoshingirira kusanaya kwemvura. Kuderedza kuparara kwemvura uye kurwisa kusanaya kwemvura kwatambudza nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeguta, hurumende yeChile yakaunzawo kugoverwa kwemvura uye yakaisa mari mumapurojekiti ekuvandudza hurongwa hwemvura huripo.
Hurongwa hwekuyeresa hune huna-tier yambiro sisitimu ine zviziviso zveveruzhinji uye inosanganisira kutenderedza kuchekwa kwemvura kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta. Muna 2021, Emilia Undurraga, aimbove Gurukota rezvekurima reChile, akange agadzirawo zvirongwa zvekurima. kudzorera miriyoni mahekita evhu panosvika 1. Chirongwa ichi, chinofanoona kudyidzana nevemapato akazvimirira eChile, kusanganisira zvekurima, zvicherwa, uye simba, hachingotsigire kudzoreredzwa kwemasango ekuzvarwa asiwo chinobatsira kushandura mamwe acho kuita mhando dzekushandisa dzakasanganiswa.
5. Sea Level Rise
Chimwe chezviratidzo zveWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO) chinonyanya kukosha che “tell-tale” chiratidzo chemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa kukwira kwemvura yemugungwa. Mumakumi matatu emakore apfuura, mazinga emugungwa edunhu akawedzera nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kupfuura mwero wepasi rose, kunyanya muSouth Atlantic (3.52 ± 0.0 mm pagore) uye sub-tropical North Atlantic nzvimbo dzekondinendi (3.48 ± 0.1 mm. pagore).
Parizvino, nyaya iyi ichiri kutyisidzira vagari vemumahombekombe nekusvibiswa kwemvura ine mvura yakachena uye njodzi dzinowedzera dzemadutu. Zvinoenderana neiyo Sixth Assessment report neIPCC, mazinga emugungwa emudunhu angangoramba achikwira uye achaita kuti mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mafashamo uye mahombekombe adzoke achitevedza mahombekombe eAtlantic kuSouth America. Maguta mashoma anoonekwa seakanyanya kukuvadzwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwemafashamo (nemadutu) iFortaleza, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, uye Porto Alegre muBrazil, Buenos Aires muArgentina, Santiago muChile uye Lima muPeru.
Kunobva: https://earth.org