Hurumende yeRussia inotarisira kuunza mari dzekutengesa kunze kwefetereza kekutanga uye nekuwedzera maquotas ekupa kunze kwenyika. Izvi zvichakanganisa sei kutengeswa kwefetereza kunze kwenyika, iyo yakatodzikira nekuda kwezvirango zvekumavirira, yakaongororwa neForbes.
Sekureva kweFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations (FAO), Russia gore rapfuura yakatora nzvimbo yekutanga munyika mukutengesa kunze kwenitrogen feteraiza, yaive yechipiri pakukura mutengesi wepotashi fetereza uye yechitatu - phosphorus. Nekudaro, nekuda kwezvirango zvekuMadokero, fetiraiza inopihwa kubva kuRussia kubva muna Ndira kusvika Nyamavhuvhu wegore rino, zvichienderana neazvino data iripo, yakadzikira kana ichienzaniswa nenguva yakafanana gore rapfuura, vanoongorora kuInternational Research Institute for Food Policy (IFPRI) Joseph. Glauber naDavid Laborde chinyorwa.
Moscow yakavhara kunze kwenyika data kubva munaKurume, asi sekureva kwevaongorori veIFPRI, zvichibva pane yakavhurika data kubva kune dzimwe nyika fetireza yeRussia, kupihwa kwe potassium chloride kwemwedzi misere yekutanga yegore rino kwakadzikira ne16.5%, urea (urea, fetiraiza ine 46). % nitrogen) - ne22.8%. Kutengeswa kweammonia kubva kuRussia kwakadzikira zvakanyanya - ne63%, chikonzero kuvharwa kwepombi yeTogliatti-Odessa ammonia. Panguva imwecheteyo, kupihwa kwediammonium phosphate kunodarika mavhoriyamu emwedzi misere yekutanga ye2021 neanopfuura 8%.
Pasinei nekuderera kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika, hurumende inoronga kuunza mitero yekutengeserana kune fetiraiza kubva munaJanuary 1. Zvingangodaro, ivo vachaunzwa neRussia unilaterally uye kwemwedzi mitanhatu, sezvo kwenguva yakareba zvakakosha kurongeka nedzimwe nhengo dzeEurasian. Economic Union (EAEU).
Muna Gumiguru, gurukota rezvemari, VaAnton Siluanov, vakazivisa kuti mitero yekunze ichashandiswa kana mitengo yepasi rose yefosforasi nenitrogen yakadarika madhora mazana mashanu patani, uye yefotireza yepotashi — $500 patani. Uye muna Mbudzi, gurukota rezvemaindasitiri nekutengeserana, VaDenis Manturov, vakati mutero wekunze kune marudzi ese efotereza uchave 400% kana mitengo yepasi rose yakadarika madhora mazana mana nemakumi mashanu patani, uye sarudzo yakatogadzirwa.
Mabasa achabhadharwa nevagadziri vese
Sekureva kwaPhosagro, mwero weavhareji yemitengo yemafetiraiza ezvicherwa muchikamu chechitatu che2022 yakaramba yakakwira kupfuura mitengo yenguva imwe cheteyo muna 2021. Mutengo weavhareji weurea muzviteshi zvegungwa reBaltic Sea waive madhora mazana mashanu nemakumi matatu nesere patani zvichipesana nemadhora mazana mana nemakumi mana nemaviri gore rakapera. yeammophos (ammonium phosphate, nitrogen-phosphorus fetireza, ine 538-442% nitrogen uye 10-12% phosphorus) - $44 patani imwe chete ichipikisana nemadhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, yepotassium chloride (potassium fetireza ine 52-777% potassium oxide) - $695 pamusoro pe58 $.
“Mitengo yefosforasi — ine fetireza nepotashi yakadzikira zvishoma nezvishoma nekuti yakakwira zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa nemitengo yezvigadzirwa zvekurima,” inodaro mushumo wekambani iyi. “Mitengo yefetireza yenitrogen, kusanganisira urea, yakatevera kukwira kwakanyanya, kusanganisira nekuda kwekukwira kuri kuramba kuchikwira kwemitengo yemagetsi, uye nekuda kwekudzikira kuri pachena kwekugadzirwa kwemhando dzefotereza idzi, kunyanya kuEurope.”
Pamitengo yemazuva ano, zvingangoita kuti mutero wacho uchatorwa pamhando dzose dzefetereza, anodaro Dmitry Puchkarev, nyanzvi pamusika wemasheya weBCS World of Investments.
“Iko zvino mitengo yezvitoro yepotassium chloride kuEurope nekuAmerica yava $850-855 patani, yeurea — $820-825, diammonium phosphate (nitrogen-phosphorus fetereza ine 18% nitrogen ne46% phosphorus) — $820-830 patani. Kuenzaniswa nemitengo yechirimo-zhizha 2022, pavakasvika pakukwirira-makore akawanda, mitengo iri kuderera, "anodaro nyanzvi yakazvimirira Leonid Khazanov. "Zvisinei, mitengo haisati yasvika padanho raNovember 2021, kunyangwe mutengo weurea uri kusvika pazviratidziro zvenguva iyoyo." Mitengo yekutengesa kunze kwenyika muRussia zviteshi zviri pachena kuderera kupfuura mitengo yekutengesa kuMadokero, sezvo isingabatanidzi mutengo wemitengo yekufambisa uye muganho wevatengesi vari pakati pevagadziri nevatengi.
"Mutengo wakaderedzwa we $450 patani haunganzi wakanyanya kukwira," anodaro Alexey Kalachev, muongorori weFinam. "Zvichida, zvaive mhedzisiro yezvibvumirano uye kubvumirana." Sekureva kwaKalachev, kunyangwe mitengo yefetereza yadonha ne20-30% kubva pakakwirira yetsika dzechirimo, ichiri yakakwira - yaive yakakwirira chete mukudonha kwa2021, uye zvisati zvaitika nguva zhinji mitengo yaive yakaderera.
Mumakumi emakore apfuura, mitengo yefetereza yakakwira pamusoro pemadhora mazana mana nemakumi mashanu patani chete muna 450-2007 uye muna 2008-2010, Kalachev anoti. Nekudaro, anoti, mutero uri pamusoro pemutengo wakadzikiswa, maererano nehurongwa hwehurumende, uchabvisa kubhajeti "windfall" yevagadziri vefetereza kubva mukubatana kwakabudirira. Mutengo wakachekwa unodzivirira vanogadzira kubva kumari yakawandisa kana mamiriro emusika akachinja uye mitengo ichidzika kusvika paavhareji makore apfuura.
Kurasikirwa kwevagadziri mushure mekutangwa kwemabasa ekutengesa kunze kwenyika hakuzotsamiri chete pamitengo, asiwo pachikamu chekutengesa kunze mumari yavo, anodaro Kalachev. Iye zvino makambani haatauri geography yekutengeswa. Mumakore apfuura, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwePhosagro kwakaunza mari inosvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana. Kana mutero we70% uchibhadhariswa pamutengo uri pamusoro pemadhora mazana mana nemakumi mashanu patani, ipapo uchichengetedza mitengo yazvino, basa racho rinodhura kambani mari inosvika 23.5% yemari, nyanzvi inofungidzira.
Bazi reIndasitiri neKutengesera harinyore mitengo yehwaro huchatorwa sechiyero, nekuti mitengo pazvigadziko zvakasiyana inosiyana zvakanyanya, anodaro Oksana Lukicheva, muongorori wemisika yezvinhu kuOtkritie Investments. Vese vanogadzira vanozofanira kubhadhara mabasa, asi kutanga kune avo avo kunze kwenyika kwakaramba kwakakwira - Phosagro, Akron, Eurochem. Uralchem, mugadziri mukuru wepotashi fetiraiza, achabhadhara zvishoma nekuti kutengeswa kwayo kunze kwadonha.
Mabasa, maererano naLukicheva, anogona kuderedza mari yevatengesi kunze kwenyika, asi haizokanganisa kutengesa kunze kwenyika. “Mutengo wefotereza we23.5% unotambirika pamitengo yakakwira yazvino yefotereza,” muongorori uyu anotenda. "Kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kunogona kuramba kuri gore rapfuura kana kutokura kana zvirango zvikadzikiswa."
Kuunzwa kwebasa kunogona kukonzera kudonha kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika kubva kuRussia kana mitengo yemamineral fetereza pamusika wepasi rose ikaramba ichidzikira, Khazanov anotenda. Nekusimudzira kwakadaro kwezviitiko, muongorori anopokana, purofiti yevagadziri ichadzikira, izvo zvinozomanikidzwa kudzikisa zvigadzirwa uye kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvekudyara. “Zvisinei, mushure menguva yakati rebei, izvi zvichaita kuti mitengo yefotereza yezvicherwa ikwire kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekushaikwa kwayo pamusika wepasi rose, sezvazvaive muchirimo-zhizha ra2022, uye makambani emakemikari emudzimba, arasikirwa nematani, kukwanisa kubata mari," Khazanov anotenda.
Quotas haizodzikisire kunze kwenyika
Mabasa haisi iyo chete nzira yekugadzirisa kupihwa kweRussia fetereza kune dzimwe nyika. Hurumende yafunga kuwedzera maquotas ekutengeswa kwefetereza kunze kwenyika kubva muna Ndira 1 kusvika Chivabvu 31, 2023. Chinyorwa chinoenderana nesarudzo chakatsikiswa pane portal of draft normative legal acts. Mariri, huwandu hwehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze kweEAEU hwakaiswa pa7,013 miriyoni matani emafetireza enitrogen uye 4,907 miriyoni matani emafetereza akaomarara.
Izvi zvishoma pane zvazvaive. Kubva munaChikunguru 1 kusvika Zvita 31, 2022, quotas yenitrogen fertilizer iri kushanda - 8.3 miriyoni matani, kune yakaoma ine maviri kana matatu maminera (nitrogen, phosphorus uye potassium) - mamiriyoni 5.9 matani. Bazi rezvemaindasitiri nekutengeserana rakazivisa muna Mbudzi 21 kuti rakanga ratofunga kuwedzera chikamu chitsva chekutengesa kunze kwemamwe marudzi efotereza yenitrogen: quota mutengo wekunze weurea uchawedzerwa ne400,000 tons, ammonium nitrate - ne200,000 matani. urea-ammonia musanganiswa ne150,000 matani. Iyo inoenderana protocol yakasainwa neMutevedzeri wekutanga weMutungamiri Andrei Belousov. Zvakadaro, kunyangwe mushure mekuwedzera chiyero ichi nematani 0.75 miriyoni kusvika 7.763 miriyoni matani, inova shoma pane yazvino mugove wekutengesa kunze kwenitrogen fetereza yematani 8.3 miriyoni.
Saizi yekodha inoverengerwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa, zvinopihwa kuvarimi veRussia uye maindasitiri emaindasitiri, maererano netsananguro yakagamuchirwa neForbes kubva kuIndasitiri neKutengeserana. Sekureva kwetsamba iyi, iyo yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yegwaro rakatenderwa neBazi rezvekurima reRussia uye rakabvumiranwa neBazi reIndasitiri nekutengeserana reRussia rinopa kuendesa kuvarimi veRussia muna Ndira-Chivabvu 2023 ne10% pamusoro peiyo yakafanana. nguva gore rapfuura, izvo zvakakonzera kudzikisira huwandu hwese hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika.
Iyo idiki vhoriyamu yequotas, kana ichienzaniswa neyakapfuura quota nguva, inonyanya kukonzerwa nenguva, tsananguro inodaro. Kare, quotas dzakaunzwa kwemwedzi mitanhatu - kubva muna Zvita 1, 2021 kusvika Chivabvu 31, 2022 uye kubva munaChikunguru 1, 2022 kusvika Zvita 31, 2022. Nguva yakatsanangurwa nesarudzo yeprojekiti inongotora mwedzi mishanu chete - kubva Ndira 1 kusvika Chivabvu 31, 2023. "Mavhoriyamu ekupedzisira emakota achatemerwa panguva yekubatanidzwa kwechinyorwa chekugadzirisa nevakuru vehurumende vanofarira uye kubvumidzwa pamusangano wekomiti diki pamusoro pemitero yemitero uye isiri-tariff mutemo, matanho ekudzivirira mukutengeserana kwekunze kweGovernment Commission. yeKuvandudza Economic uye Kubatanidzwa, "Bazi reMaindasitiri neBhizinesi rinonyora kudaro.
"Kazhinji, mugove wekutengesa kunze wakaunzwa muhuwandu hushoma zvishoma pane avhareji mavhoriyamu ekutengesa kunze kwenguva dzakapfuura," anodaro Alexey Kalachev, muongorori weFinam. "Vanodzivirira musika wepamba kubva mukukura kwehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika, asi vanenge vasingaderedze izvo zviripo zvekutengesa kunze kwemakambani."
Kugadzwa kwema quotas kunongogadzirisa chiyero pakati pekutengeswa kwemaminerari mumusika weRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika, kana zvichidiwa, inogona kuwedzerwa, sezvakange yatove gore rino, anodaro Khazanov. "Kunyangwe zvakadaro, musika weRussia ucharamba uri kiyi yevagadziri vedu, iyo muna 2023 inogona kuwedzera huwandu hwayo nekuda kwekuenderera mberi nerutsigiro rwezvekurima," nyanzvi inodaro.
Sekureva kweRussian Association of Fertilizer Producers, kubva munaNovember 16, 2022, vagadziri vekuRussia vemamineral fertilizer vakapa 108% yezvakarongwa zvinodiwa nevarimi vekurima vekuRussia, izvo gore rino zvakafungidzirwa pamamiriyoni mana nemazana masere nemashanu ematani.
Kunobva: https://www.forbes.ru