#kurima
#kudzora sora
#zvivharo
#watermelon
#winterrye
#mustard
Kubudirira kwekurima zvirimwa zvemuriwo munzvimbo yakaoma yesteppe kunoenderana zvakanyanya nezviwanikwa zviripo, kunyanya mamiriro ekunze nevhu. Ivhu riri munharaunda iyi rakasiyana-siyana, kubva kune jecha kusvika kune rinorema ivhu revhu, iro rinokanganisa zvakananga kuwanikwa kwechikafu chekukura kwezvirimwa. Zvakakosha kuti usarudze mbesa dzekuvharira dzakakodzera kuchengetedza kuorera kwevhu uye chimiro, pamwe nekurwisa zvinokonzeresa nharaunda sekukukurwa nemhepo nekusanaya kwemvura.
Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvichangobva kuitwa neRussia Ministry of Agriculture, iyo yakaoma steppe zone inopa matambudziko akati wandei pakurima zvirimwa zvemuriwo nekuda kwemamiriro ayo evhu uye zvinonetsa kwezvakatipoteredza. Iyo granulometric kuumbwa kwevhu mudunhu rino kazhinji ine jecha kana loamy, izvo zvinounza matambudziko kumvura nekuchengetedza chikafu. Pamusoro pezvo, kushomeka kweorganic matter muvhu kunowedzera mhedzisiro yekusanaya kwemvura, zvichiita kuti goho riderere. Zvakadaro, nekubatanidza mbesa dzekuvharisa dzakaita sema legumes, varimi vanokwanisa kupfumisa ivhu neorganic matter uye kugadzirisa atmospheric nitrogen, zvichiita kuti kuve nekuwanikwa kwechikafu chezvirimwa zvichazotevera.
Pamusoro pazvo, kuyedzerwa kwevhu kuti kune kudya kunovaka muviri idanho rakakosha pakurima goho kunobudirira. Sekureva kweNational Soil Resources Institute, kuongororwa kwevhu nguva dzose kunobvumira varimi kuti vagadzirise zvirongwa zvavo zvefotereza zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nembeu yezvirimwa zvavo, kudzivirira kushandiswa kwefetereza zvakanyanya uye kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza. Naizvozvo, maAgronomist nemainjiniya ezvekurima vanofanira kukurudzira varimi kuti vagare vachiongorora ivhu uye kupa mazano ekuita fetiraiza nemaitiro ekuchengetedza kudya kwakakodzera.
Ongororo yakaitwa pachiteshi chekuyedza cheBykovskaya mudunhu reVolgograd kuRussia ine chinangwa chekuongorora mhedzisiro yembeu dzekuvharisa dzakasiyana pakudyara kwevhu pakurima manwiwa. Ongororo iyi yakaona kuti kushandisa mbesa dzekuvharisa kwakawedzera kudya muvhu izvo zvinoita kuti pave negoho rakanaka uye rakagadzikana. Zvakadaro, kuorera kwevhu ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda zvinotaridza kubudirira kwekurima mbesa, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze akasiyana.
Chiteshi chekuyedza cheBykovskaya chiri munzvimbo inoratidzwa nemamiriro ekunze ekondinendi, nekupisa nekuoma kwechirimo, dutu reguruva rinowanzoitika, uye mhepo ine simba. Muna 2022, avhareji tembiricha yezuva nezuva panguva yekukura yaive pasi peavhareji yemakore akawanda ne5.1-0.9 ° C, kunze kwaNyamavhuvhu, yaive tembiricha 2 ° C pamusoro peavhareji yemakore akawanda. Kunaya kwemvura kwakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana, nekuwanda kwemvura zhinji (50.5 mm) kunoitika muna Chikumi. Mvura yese yakanaya mumwaka wekurima yaive 136.5mm, 26.5mm yakaderera pane avhareji yemakore akawanda. Ivhu pachiteshi chekuyedza raive rakareruka chestnut uye jecha, ine pasi pemvura iri pakadzika 8-10m.
Ivhu rakaonekwa kuti rakasiyana-siyana, riine matinji akawanda kubva kupfumbu, rakasununguka, uye jecha pa 0-30cm, kusvika kune grey, ruvara rusina kuenzana, uye kuwedzera kwevhu pa 30-45cm. Iyo layer pa45-90cm yaive yakareruka, isina chimiro, uye ivhu, nepo layer pa90-160cm yaive jecha, yakareruka, uye yakasununguka. Zvikamu zvakakosha zvekurima, kubva pa 0.25mm kusvika 10mm, zvaiumba 40-45% yevhu, zvichienderana nedanda. Jecha rakanaka re 0.25mm rakagadzira chikamu chikuru chevhu, kusvika ku20%, zvichiratidza kupindira kwemvura yakakwirira.
Pamusoro pazvo, ongororo iyi inoratidza kuti mbesa dzekuvharisa dzinogona kuve nzira inobudirira yekuvandudza kuorera kwevhu, zvichiita kuti pave negoho rakanaka. Zvakadaro, varimi nenyanzvi dzezvekurima vanofanira kutarisisa zvinhu zvakawanda pakurima mbesa, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze akasiyana. Kuburikidza nekutora nzira yakasarudzika yekurima zvirimwa, kusanganisira kutonga kwevhu, kutenderedza zvirimwa, nekudiridzira, varimi vanokwanisa kuwedzera goho ravo nekuona kuti nderekugara kwenguva refu.
Chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti nitrogen yemukati yaive yakakwira mukurapa kwese panguva yembeu, izvo zvinogona kuverengerwa nekuwedzera kwekuita kwevhu microbial. Mafambiro akafanana akacherechedzwa phosphorus nepotassium, ine yakanyanya kucherechedzwa pachirimwa chechando che rye. Zvakadaro, chikafu chemukati chakadzikira panguva yekuibva kwemichero mukurapa kwese, kusanganisira kwegore rechipiri nerechitatu.
Zvakabuda muongororo iyi zvinoratidza kuti kusarudzwa kwechirimwa chekuvharisa chakakodzera kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru kudya kwevhu uye, pakupedzisira, pagoho. Varimi nenyanzvi munyaya dzezvekurima vanofanira kufungisisa zvakawanikwa izvi pakusarudza chirimwa chekuvharisa kuti ivhu riorere zvirimwa zvemanwiwa. Pamusoro pazvo, kuongorora ivhu nguva dzose kunogona kubatsira varimi kuona huwandu hwekudya kwevhu uye kugadzirisa maitiro avo ekutonga zvinoenderana.
Zvisinei nekuoma kwemamiriro enzvimbo yekutsvagisa, mbesa dzekuvharira dzakaonekwa dzichishanda mukudzvanya sora muzvirimwa zvemavise. Kunyanya, rye yechando ndiyo yaive chirimwa chekuvhara zvakanyanya mukuderedza kukuvadzwa kwesora. Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemasitadhi sechirimwa chekuvhara kwakave nemigumisiro yakareba pakuderedza sora. Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwembesa dzekuvharisa kunogona kuve nzira ine hupfumi yekuderedza kukuvadzwa kwesora.