Pakave neshanduko yakanyatso kunyorwa yakanangana nekutumbuka kwechirimo muzvirimwa zvakawanda apo nyika inodziya. Chiitiko ichi chinovhundutsa nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu nokuti chinogona kukanganisa kupindirana kwakanyatsorongwa pakati pezvinomera nezvisikwa—mashavishavi, nyuchi, shiri, zviremwaremwa nezvimwe—zvinoita mukume.
Asi kutarisisa kushoma kwakabhadharwa kune shanduko mune mamwe maitiro emaruva, senge saizi yemaruva, ayo anogona zvakare kukanganisa kupindirana kwezvirimwa-pollinator, panguva iyo yakawanda. zvipembenene zvinotakura mukume dziri kuderera pasi rose.
Muchidzidzo chakaburitswa online mujenari Evolution Letters, vaviri vepaUniversity of Michigan vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu uye mumwe waanoshanda naye wepaYunivhesiti yeGeorgia vanoratidza kuti vanhu vemusango vane mbiri yemangwanani kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUnited States vakawedzera kukura kwemaruva avo pakati pa2003 na2012.
Kuwedzera saizi yemaruva kunoratidza kudyara kukuru nezvirimwa mukukwezva kwemukume, sekureva kwevaongorori. Shanduko idzi dzakanyanya kutaurwa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe, zvinoenderana nehupamhi hwebasa rakapfuura rinoratidza kuti zvirimwa zvekuchamhembe zvinowanzoratidza mhinduro dzinoshamisa dzekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Shanduko kumaruva ekutanga yakaonekwa zvakare pakati peiyo kubwinya kwemangwanani. Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane zviratidzo zvinokatyamadza zvokuti zvinomera zvakawedzera mari yazvo mumibairo yemaruva—nekita nomukume zvinowanwa nenyuchi, nhunzi dze<em>syrphid namakwapu zvinoparadzira maruva machena, epingi uye ebhuruu.
“Pane mukaha mukuru mukunzwisisa kwedu kuti hunhu hwakakosha sei pakudyidzana kwezvinomera-mukume hungave huri kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva semhinduro kumamiriro ekunze ari kuchinja,” akadaro munyori anotungamirira weongororo Sasha Bishop, mudzidzi wechiremba muUm Department of Ecology. uye Evolutionary Biology.
"Isu tinoratidza kuti - mukuwedzera kune akanyatso kunyorwa shanduko kune ekutanga maruva - maruva ekuvaka uye mibairo inogonawo kuita basa rakakosha mumhinduro yekushanduka-shanduka kune yemazuvano shanduko yezvakatipoteredza."
Kubwinya kwemangwanani kwakajairika muzambiringa wepagore wesora unowanikwa kumabvazuva, pakati pekumadokero nekumaodzanyemba kweUnited States. Inowanzoonekwa padivi pemigwagwa uye minda yezvirimwa.
Chidzidzo chinotungamirwa neUM chakashandisa nzira ye "kumuka" iyo yaisanganisira kumera mbeu yekubwinya kwemangwanani yakaunganidzwa kubva kumicheto yesoya yekurima neminda yechibage muTennessee, North Carolina neSouth Carolina mumakore maviri: 2003 uye 2012.
Mukati memakore mapfumbamwe iwayo, dunhu iri rakava nekukwira kwetembiricha—kunyanya kukwira kushoma uye tembiricha dzehusiku—uye kuwedzera kwenhamba yezviitiko zvekunaya kwemvura yakanyanyisa zvichipindirana nekusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanyisa.
Kutsvaga shanduko mumaruva morphology, vaongorori vakadyara mbeu dzakaunganidzwa kubva kumakore ese ari maviri mugreenhouse kuU-M's Matthaei Botanical Gardens. Apo maruva akatumbuka, mavara akasiyana-siyana emaruva akayerwa nedigital calipers.
Zviyero zvakaratidza kuti kubwinya kwemangwanani kwakakura zvakanyanya mukati memakore mapfumbamwe-4.5 centimeters (1.8 inches) muhupamhi muna 2003 uye 4.8 centimita (1.9 inches) muna 2012, uye shanduko yehupamhi hwecorolla yakakura muhuwandu kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe. . Mapetali eruva akaungana anozivikanwa se corolla.
Chidzidzo ichi chakaburitsawo shanduko kuenda kunguva dzekutanga maruva pakati pa2003 na2012, zvichifambiswa zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwevanhu munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe. Kutanga kwemaruva kwakaitika avhareji yemazuva mana apfuura kune zvirimwa zvakakura kubva kumbeu dzakaunganidzwa muna 2012.
Sezvineiwo, vaongorori vakacherekedzawo latitude-inopesvedzerwa maitiro kune yakakura mari mumibairo yemaruva (pollen uye nekita) nekufamba kwenguva. Paavhareji, maruva ekubwinya kwemangwanani akakura kubva ku2012-yakaunganidzwa mbeu yakagadzira mbeu dzakawanda dzepollen uye nectar sucrose yakawanda kupfuura maruva kubva ku2003-yakaunganidzwa mbeu.
Zvisineyi, mukume nenekita kuongorora kwaisanganisira mana chete emiti yekubwinya kwemangwanani. Nekuda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vakaongororwa, mibairo yemaruva yakawanikwa haina kuverengerwa muyedzo yenhamba yekutsvaga humbowo hwekuti kuchinjika kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo kuri kuitika mumiti.
"Zvisinei, zvinoita sekunge kune kuwedzera kwechinguva kwekudyara mukukwezva kwemukume uye kuti mhedzisiro iyi inotungamirwa nevanhu vari kuchamhembe," akadaro munyori mukuru Regina Baucom, mumwe purofesa muUM Department of Ecology uye Evolutionary Biology.
Chidzidzo chacho chakawana pasina humbowo hwekuti kubwinya kwemangwanani kuri kuwedzera mwero wavanozvipfuudza. Humbowo kubva kune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuwedzera "kuzvida" semhinduro inogoneka kune kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye/kana pollinator kuderera kwakabatana neshanduko yekushandiswa kwevhu.
"Ichi ndicho chinyorwa chekutanga chekushandisa nzira yerumuko kuti iongorore kuti maitiro anokonzera kusangana kwemiti-pollinator angave ari kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva, achienderana nekuderera kwekuwanda kwepollinator uye kushanduka kunoshamisa kwezvakatipoteredza nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kushandiswa kwevhu," Bishop vakadaro.
Gumi neshanu kubwinya kwemangwanani vanhu vakaverengerwa mukuyedza kumuka vachitarisa shanduko yemaruva morphology. Vanhu makumi maviri nevatatu vakaverengerwa muchidzidzo chemaruva echirimo chekare. Pakazara, maruva 2,836 akayerwa kubva ku456 zvidyarwa.