Kuwedzera huwandu hwemichero hunofanira kuiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvinoonekwa sezvisina kujairika. Semuenzaniso, senge actinidia, inorimwa munyika dzeAsia kwemazana emakore. Nekuda kwechimiro chisina kusimba chemichero yayo uye hushoma hwesherufu hupenyu hweactinidia berries haisati yava nyaya yekurima kwemaindasitiri, asi munguva pfupi yapfuura mamiriro, kusanganisira muUkraine, ari kutanga kuchinja. Actinidia iri kuwedzera kufarira kwete chete kune maAmateurs asiwo kune nyanzvi dzekurima mapurazi.
Saka, makore mashoma apfuura, tichiziva nezvemamiriro ekunze akanaka muUkraine, kambani yeFrance Primland yakasarudza kutanga kugadzirwa kweactinidia trade brand Nergi, inova yerudzi rweActinidia arguta muUkraine, iri muBilyaiv mudunhu reOdessa mudunhu. nyika dzeBlack Sea Alliance. Chiyero chekutanga chekuedza cheUkraine actinidia berries chakakohwewa muna 2015 - makore matatu mushure mekudyara, uye muna 2016, michero ye actinidia yaigona kutotengwa muzvitoro zvikuru zveUkraine. Zvigadzirwa zveUkraine zvakaratidzwa naPrimland Director Francois Lafitte, anodyara mari muminda. Akataura kuti mapindu akadaro ari kukura zvinobudirira muFrance nedzimwe nyika dziri kumaodzanyemba kweWestern Europe. Vagadziri verudzi rweNergi kazhinji vechidiki vanofarira kurima kwemhuri. Avhareji yebindu reNergi rinowanzotora nzvimbo shoma, isingapfuure 1 hekita. Uye actinidia minda muBilyaiv mudunhu reOdessa iri munzvimbo ye23.50 mahekita. Nenzira, iyi ndiyo yekutanga maindasitiri actinidia plantation kuoneka muUkraine.
Actinidia kubva kuNergi brand ibhiti duku rakafanana nekiwi, asi kazhinji kaduku muhukuru, saka inonziwo mwana kiwi. Inogona kudyiwa pasina kusvuura. Chirimwa chinokohwewa nemaoko kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu kusvika pakati paGunyana. Berries ane nhamba yakawanda yevhithamini. Chimwe chirimwa chinopa kubva pa10 kusvika ku50 kg yemabheri pagore. Actinidia inotumbuka pakati paMay. Kune miti yevarume nevakadzi. Ma berries anokura ari masumbu muzhizha rose. Chimiro chine chimiro chemuzambiringa, kureba kwayo kunogona kusvika mamita matanhatu, mashizha ane zvishoma.
NHOROONDO YEMAKASIYANA
Iyo New Zealand Research Center yakagadzira nyowani Actinidia arguta nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, ichivasanganisa pasi peiyo Nergi brand. Panguva yerwendo rwake kuNew Zealand, mutungamiri wePrimland Francois Lafitte akarohwa neberry duku iri. MunaSeptember 2016, nerutsigiro rweBusiness France Agency, mharidzo yemhando itsva ye actinidia yakaitwa muKyiv, iyo varimi vekuUkraine vachangobva kutanga kukura mukubatana nekambani yeFrance Primland.
Muna 2017-2020, Dhipatimendi reHorticulture, Viticulture, Biology uye Chemistry yeOdessa State Agrarian University yakaita tsvakiridzo pamhando dzeactinidia. Nheyo yekuedza kwaiva kudyara kwe actinidia mu LLC "Black Sea Alliance". Mhedzisiro yezviyedzo yakaratidza kuti mumamiriro eSouth-Western Black Sea Coast yeUkraine uye mamiriro ekunze akafanana ekurima actinidia ane hupfumi, uchishandisa tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa yekudyara nekukura minda. Kugadzirwa kwe actinidia TM Nergi kunobva pane zvakatemerwa zvakatemwa mubindu, panzvimbo yekurongedza uye panguva yekutakura.
ZVINHU ZVINOITWA ZVINHU ZVAKAITIKA
Chirongwa chekudyara actinidia paminda ye LLC "Black Sea Alliance" yaive pachiyero che5 x 4 m. Iyo minda ine Wallpaper uye zvinotsigira. Iyo actinidia plantation yakakamurwa kuita masero maviri. Musero rekutanga munzvimbo ye8.25 ha uye mune yechipiri sero panzvimbo ye6.12 ha cultivar ye actinidia Tahi inokura, uye musero rechipiri panzvimbo ye2.1 ha cultivar Isai inokura. akura. Mbeu dzakatengwa kubva kuFrench nursery "Sofuruileg SL". Kutengwa kwembesa dzinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakabvumiranwa nebazi reAgrarian Policy uye Chikafu cheUkraine.
Iyo tembiricha yenzvimbo iyi yakanakira kukura actinidia muvhu rakavhurika: huwandu hwetembiricha huri pamusoro pe10 ° С - 4000-5000 ° С, nguva yenguva isina chando - mazuva 220-290, iyo mhedziso yenguva refu. zvishoma - kusvika ku minus 15 ° С. Mukuwedzera kune Odesa, actinidia inogona kukura muZakarpattia, Mykolaiv neZaporizhia oblasts, uko huwandu hwekushisa huri pamusoro pe10 ° С hunosvika 3000-3400 ° С, uye nguva isina chando - mazuva 188-196, iyo yakakwana - minus. 15–18 ° С. Kukura kwakajairika kweactinidia uye pamhepo kutonhora kusvika + 25 ° C. Mamwe marudzi matsva anokwanisa kutsungirira kukwira kwekushisa munguva yekukura kusvika + 35 ° C uye chando kusvika -17 ° C panguva ye dormancy.
Mishonga yezvipembenene haisati yashandiswa nekuti zvirimwa hazvisati zvakuvadzwa nezvirwere netumbuyu.
Mudiki uye zera rekukura, actinidia zvirimwa zvinoshivirira shading yemiti zvakanaka, asi kune yakajairika fruiting inoda chiedza chezuva, inokura zvakanaka munzvimbo dzakavhurika dzakavhenekerwa.
Zvinodiwa zvakakosha zvemamiriro evhu mu actinidia - yakakwana pH muhuwandu hwe4.5-5.5, yakakwirira controllability; kukwana kwakakwana kwekunyorova uye mabhatiri pachiyero cheN: P: K - 1: 2: 1; zvinomera zvinobata zvisina kunaka kune kuwedzera kwemukati we carbonates. Actinidia inokura zvakanyanya pavhu rakasununguka, rakasvibirira, rakaorera, rakanyoroveswa nevhu rine unyoro hwakakwana, haibvumiri mafashamo uye inobata zvisina kunaka kumhepo yakaoma. Kuda hunyoro hwakanyanya, mumamiriro asina kudiridza kukura kwakajairika uye fruiting nemvura yegore negore inosvika 800-1000 mm.
Miti inopedza kukura munguva yekuvhuvhuta, huni hwehuni hunoibva zvakanaka, izvo zvinowedzera kuoma kwechando. Zvirimwa zvegore rimwe chete uye maviri zvinofanira kuvharwa nemashizha echando.
Kugadzirira kwevhu kusati kwadyarwa, hurongwa hwekuchengetedza ivhu minda isati yasvika muzvibereko
Iyo tekinoroji inopa imwe-nguva yakadzika pre-kudyara kusunungura ivhu, iyo inobatsira kusunungura ivhu rakakomberedzwa, pamwe nekupwanya uye kuparadzwa kwemidzi masara.
Pakudyara, kurima kusvika pakadzika 40 cm kunodiwa nenzira yekuti kudyara kunoitwa kwete mberi kwemwedzi 2-3. Mushure mekusimudza kudyara, ivhu rinofanira kuvharwa diagonally 2 times. Usati waparadzanisa nzvimbo yekudyara ivhu rinotaridzirwa, rinorimwa uye rinokungurutswa.
Munzvimbo yeactinidia, ivhu rinorimwa kusvika pakadzika 25-30 cm nekutanga kushandiswa kwe60-80 t / ha ye organic fertilizer uye 60 kg / ha ye phosphorus uye potasium kana manyowa anoiswa pagomba panguva yekudyara.
Kuvakwa kwewallpaper uye inodzivirira mesh
Actinidia inokura pazvitsigiro, mitsara inoumbwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwepamhepo "hedge". Matanda epakati anoiswa kure nemamita masere uye anorembera 8 tiers yewaya, 5 waya. Danho rekutanga pakureba 6cm yekudiridzira nekudonha. Chikamu chechipiri chakareba masendimita makumi matanhatu, chechitatu chakareba masendimita makumi mapfumbamwe, chechina chakareba 30 cm, uye chikamu chechishanu chakareba 60 cm. Chikamu chechishanu chakapetwa. Kune grid yekudzivirira, 90-mita yakasimbiswa kongiri danda inoiswa ese masere metres.
Kuchengetedza ivhu uye kuisa fetereza panguva yekukura minda midiki
Iyo ivhu rekuchengetedza system iri sidereal. Midzi ye actinidia iri munzvimbo yepamusoro yevhu, saka pakati pemitsara dyara mupfudze wegirini.
Mugore rekutanga remwaka wekukura, manyowa akasvibira (alfalfa - 4 kg / ha) anodyarwa munzvimbo ye17.20 ha, ayo anochekwa kaviri kubva pagore rechipiri remwaka wekukura pasina kupwanya uye kurima.
Kuti uparadze sora uye kusunungura ivhu mumitsara, pane 5-time manual kusunungurwa kwema stem strips.
Kutanga kubva mugore rechipiri rezvinomera - kudonha kudiridza nemhinduro yemamineral fertilizer (ammonium sulfate).
Zvirimwa zvemuriwo zvinogona kudyarwa pakati pemitsara yeminda midiki. Munguva yemiti yezvibereko, ivhu rinofanira kuchengetwa pasi pemvura yakachena uye inonwisa sezvainooma.
Fertilizer inofanira kushandiswa mukudonha kwekuchera. Izvo zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti midzi ye actinidia inowanikwa pamusoro, saka pasi pemakwenzi unofanirwa kuchera kusvika pakadzika 10-12 cm kune yega 0.01 ha kamwe chete makore maviri ega kuita 2-3 quintals yemupfudze kana humus, uye mineral fertilizers - gore negore : 1.5-2 kg yeammonium nitrate, 3-4 - superphosphate uye 1-1.5 kg ye potassium munyu. Nekukura kwakanaka kwechirimwa, fetireza shoma inoiswa.
Kudyara nekugadzirisa
Kudyara kwe actinidia pavhu re LLC "Black Sea Alliance" yakaitwa muchirimo che 2012. Mushure mekugadzirira ivhu rekudyara, nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa kuva makamuri nemakeji, uye nzvimbo dzemigwagwa dzakaratidzwa. Nzvimbo yacho yakakamurwa nemaoko kuita nzvimbo nerubatsiro rwetambo uye tambo mbiri dzine mavanga. Nekurima kwakagadzirwa pakati pemitsara ye actinidia zviri nani kudyara nemitsara ye 3-4 uye 2-3 m mumutsara. Zvitsigiro zvinodiwa kutsigira nhungirwa. Kuti uite izvi, shandisa mazambiringa-mhando wire wallpaper, iyo iyo miti yakasungirirwa kuitira kuti pfuti dzigoverwe zvakaenzana pamadziro. Kureba kwayo kunofanira kunge kune 2 m kubva pamitsara mina yetambo yakatambanudzwa pamatanda, iyo yakaderera inogadziriswa pahupamhi hwe 50-60 cm kubva pasi pevhu, mamwe ose ari madaro akaenzana kubva kune mumwe. Paunenge uchidyara, zvinomera zvinotemwa kuva 3-4 buds, zvikamu zvinovandudzwa, zvakaputsika zvinotemwa, zvakabvarurwa uye zvakanyudzwa muvhu rakasvibiswa.
Kudzika kwegomba rekudyara 60 x 60 cm. Mugomba rimwe nerimwe panguva yekudyara ita ivhu rakaorera, 10-12 kg ye humus, 100-200 g ye superphosphate. Iwe unogona kugadzira musanganiswa wesodhi uye ivhu rinodonha, jecha uye mupfudze. Mushure mekudyara, zvinomera zvinodiridzwa, ipapo maburi anoputirwa ne peat, humus, mashizha akadonha kana mamwe masara ehupenyu.
Kugadzirira kwembesa yekudyara kwakaitwa panzvimbo dzekugadzirira.
Usati wadyara mbesa, migumo yose yakakanganiswa yemidzi yakatemwa kunzvimbo ine utano. Midzi yakakuvara uye yakaora yakatemwa zvachose. Mushure mekuchekerera, kudzivirira midzi kuti irege kuoma panguva yekudyara, yakanyoroveswa mumushonga wevhu.
Mushure mezvose basa rekugadzirira rakatanga kudyara. Mbesa dzakasimwa panzvimbo inogara pazera remakore maviri.
Zvirimwa zvakasimwa mumakomba e 0.60 x 0.60 m. Pakarepo mushure mekudyara, mbesa dzakadiridzwa pamwero we15 litres per plant. Mushure mekudyara, mbesa dzakatemwa kusvika 3-4 buds.
Pakudyara pasi pemhodzi imwe neimwe yakawedzerwa mahwendefa e "MahiMagin" 2, kushanda uku kunowedzera kubereka kwevhu, kuunganidza unyoro uye kudya, kunokurudzira kuunganidza kwavo uye kushandiswa kwakanaka, kunovandudza hurumende yemvura-mhepo uye physicochemical properties. Kugadziriswa kwekudyara kwakarongwa mugore rekutanga mukati me5% yezvigaro. Kugadziriswa kwemiti ye actinidia nekudyara kunonyanya kushanda chete paminda midiki, saka kugadzirisa kwakaitwa muvhuvhu regore rekutanga rezvinomera muhuwandu hwe1% yembeu dzakasimwa.
Kugadziriswa kweminda yeActinidia kunosanganisira kudyara zvirimwa munzvimbo yavakawira, kutsiva mbesa dzine chirwere uye dzakakuvadzwa.
Zvimiro zveinodzorwa nyuchi pollination ye actinidia minda yekutengesa
Nokuda kwekumesa zvakakosha kudyara mbeu dzechirume nedzechikadzi zvakasiyana: murume mumwe uye 10-15 vakadzi kana mutsara wemiti yevarume uye mitsara yevakadzi.
Actinidia iri dioecious chirimwa, saka, zvirimwa zvechikadzi nevarume zvinofanirwa kuiswa panzvimbo. Maruva echikadzi mu actinidia ari oga kana akabatanidzwa; varume vanoiswa paviri - vatatu mu inflorescence. Bloom panguva imwe chete, izvo zvinopa zvakanaka pollination. Kune fruiting pa 5-10 zvinomera zvine maruva echikadzi anoshanda, zvakakosha kudyara imwe muti nemhando yemaruva emurume. Mhando imwe neimwe ye actinidia inoda mutakuri wakakodzera. Re-pollination pakati pemarudzi ega hazviitike. Pamusoro pezvo, panguva yekutumbuka kweactinidia, zvinofanirwa kuve ne4-6 mikoko yenyuchi pa 1 ha yekudyara nenyuchi kuti ive nechokwadi chekukumedza kwakajairika.
Actinidia zvinomera zvinotanga kubereka muchero mugore rechipiri kana rechitatu mushure mekudyara. Kuisa uye kusiyanisa kwema generative buds kunoitika pahwaro hwegore rimwe rekukura kwehurefu hwakasiyana mukutanga kwechirimo, ingangoita mwedzi miviri isati yatanga chikamu chekuzara kwemaruva. Iyo yepakati chikamu chemaruva apex inoshanduka kuita pistil yakaoma ine akawanda makoramu, imwe neimwe ine yakazaruka yekugashira. Maruva anotanga kubva pakupera kwaMay kusvika pakati paJune. Maererano nenguva yemhando dzemaruva dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu: 2) kutanga; 3) pakati; 1) kunonoka maruva. Mukati memhando dzakasiyana, maruva epistil uye stamen zvinomera zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete. Naizvozvo, kuti uve nechokwadi chekukumedza kwakajairika, marudzi epistil uye stamen zvinomera zvinotumbuka panguva imwe chete zvinosarudzwa. Pollen inotamisirwa kumaruva epistil nezvipembenene nemhepo.
Maruva eActinidia anoburitsa kunhuhwirira kwakapfava uye kwakapfava, anonyatso kumeswa nenyuchi nenyuchi, asi haasi nyuchi, nekuti haana nectaries. Nyuchi dzinoshandisa mukume kubva mumaruva aya sechikafu cheprotein. Nguva yemaruva mazuva gumi kusvika gumi nemaviri. Panguva imwecheteyo, actinidia inobereka nhungirwa diki dzinokura kusvika pamamita maviri muzhizha. Nekutanga kwekuvhuvhuta, kukura kwe lianas kunomira, uye buds inoumbwa pamashizha. Zvibereko mu actinidia zvakazara nemuto, zvine kutapira uye kupfuma. Chinhu chinonakidza chemichero ye actinidia ndechekuti vanoshandura kunhuhwirira kwavo gore negore. Dzimwe nguva michero inonhuwira sepineapple, dzimwe nguva - apuro. Murimwa uyu une apiyari inokwana zana nemakumi maviri enyuchi, ayo anoshandiswa mukumesa maruva e actinidia panguva yekutumbuka.
Ukraine inzvimbo yemapindu, ine maruva ayo kumera kwezvirimwa zvekurima kunotanga. Iyo apricot inotumbuka kutanga, ipapo cherries, cherries. Anenge panguva imwe chete navo inotumbuka plum, ipapo pear, marudzi ezhizha eapuro, uye echando marudzi anopedzisa maruva ayo. Mhando dzose dzemhando dzemichero, dzine maruva ane bisexual, dzakasvibiswa. Dzimwe mhando dzembeu dzezviyo dzinogona kupfuudzwa nemukume wemhando yadzo dzopa goho diki. Mhando idzi zvakare dzinobereka michero zviri nani ne-cross-pollination. Self-pollination inodziviswa nechimiro chaicho chemaruva avo, mazuva akasiyana ekukura kwepistils uye anthers. Uyezve, mukume weruva rimwe chete kana kuti rudzi rumwe chete rwemumwe muti haupi fetiraiza. Ruva rerudzi rwemichero rinokwanisa kusanganiswa chete nekukume yemhando inonzi pollinator. Mukurima horticulture, iyo yakanakisa pollinator inozivikanwa kune mamwe marudzi. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa pakuisa magadheni. Mukuwedzera kune zvakasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nerudzi rwebindu, dyara maitiro akasiyana-siyana emapollinator. Mhedzisiro yekumesa uye goho remagadheni zvakanyanya zvinoenderana neagrotechnology yehorticulture, zera remiti, kusimba kwemaruva, mamiriro ekunze, kunyanya panguva yekutumbuka, uye mukume wenyuchi. Pachine tupukanana tushoma tunodyara mukume munguva ino yechirimo, uye basa radzo mukumesa harina kukosha. Mikuru inotakura mukume mumagadheni inyuchi dzeuchi. Pasina ivo, miti yemichero haigadziri maovari uye mushure memaruva akawanda anenge asingapi kukohwa kunoda. Kana kuzara kwenyuchi kwakakwirira, mapindu akadzikama anoumba 30 - 40% yemavha anobatsira, uye ane maruva akawanda emaruva 2 - 3% yemaruva anopa goho guru. Maruva emamwe marudzi ane anthers ari pedyo, izvo zvinoita kuti zviomere nyuchi kuwana nekita. Maruva aya anonyoroveswa nenyuchi dzinounganidza mukume. Mune mamwe marudzi, kuwana nekita ndeyemahara. Nyuchi, kuiunganidza, pollinate maruva zvishoma, uye mazai anoumbwa zvishoma.
zvichibva pazvinyorwa zvinobva mumagazini yeVegetables and Fruits